1. Methods of Social Research
Family Sociology

2. Social Science Research
How do we know what we know?
Most of us understand the world around us through our personal experience -- the people and situations we have been in or have seen
This personal experience leads to your conclusions about the world

3. Social Science Research
While there is nothing wrong with these ways of knowing -- social scientists are skeptical about relying ONLY on these sources because:
An individual’s experience of those around them is not representative of the broader society

4. Sociological Theories
Social science theories explain or help us make sense of patterns in social life
Theories shape and direct research – they point us in a direction
That direction influences what we look for, what we find, and how we explain it
Marriage and Family Relationships

5. Social Science Research
How do we know what we know?
Social scientists use a systematic and more scientific mode of investigation
Social scientists rely on:
Observations of the social world based on representative samples
Example: If we wanted to study why people in the U.S. get married, we should not just survey college students
We avoid the error of overgeneralization: i.e. using what we know about a small group of people to conclude something about all people

6. Theory > Method Once we have a theory to oriented our research…
We choose an appropriate method of research
A research method will define how we will collect the data for our study

7. Most Frequently used Methods of Social Research
Demographic Studies
Survey Research
Participant Observation (Field Observation)
Social Experiments

8. Demographic Studies
Demography is a subfield of sociology that is concerned with how social conditions are distributed in the human population and how these populations are changing.
Core interests are trends in:
Fertility
Mortality
Migration
Marriage and divorce

9. How are demographic data collected?
Most data are collected at the state level and compiled by the National Center of Health Statistics (NCHS)
NCHS is a department of the Center for Disease control (CDC) in Atlanta GE

10. Demographic Studies Examples of Demographic Studies in Fertility
What is the fertility rate by race/ethnicity in the US?
How has it changed over the past ten years?
Go to the National Center for Health Statistics:

11. Fertility Rate
Fertility rate is the number of women age who gave birth per 1000 women
For example the rate for Non-Hispanic Black women is 89 births per 1000

13. Survey Research
Collect information from a subgroup of people, known as a sample
Samples are chosen to represent the larger population from which they are selected.
Data is collected through in-person or phone interviews, or by questionnaires sent through the mail or though the internet (web-based)

14. Example of a U.S. Survey Pew Research Center

17. Field Research
Used to understand processes among people by directly observing them as the behaviors take place
Researcher participates directly in the social life of individuals of groups in question

18. Participant Observation
Complete Observation:
Arlie Hochschild observed the division of household labor by visiting wives and husbands in their homes
Observation takes place in the real world
Researcher attempts to fade into the background

19. Participant Observation
Complete Participation: Researcher tries to become a part of the group they are studying
Howard Becker hung around with Jazz musicians to understand how people learned to smoke pot - but he WAS also a Jazz musician

20. Field Research Intensive interviewing Focus Groups
Questions are open ended
Designed to be very in depth, with a small sample
Provide rich description of personal experience
Focus Groups
Designed to obtain information from a small group of people
Encourage open discussions of topics
Used by market researchers and political pollsters

21. Social Experiments
Family Studies and Sociology do not use a lot of these but
In a social experiment you randomly assign subjects to a control group and a treatment group
Recent study on the effect of TV on children
Children were randomly assigned to
1) Watch Sponge Bob Square Pants
2) Watch PBS Children show Sprout
3) Or draw
What differences do you think they found for 3 groups?
Marriage and Family Relationships

22. Ethics in Social Research
Today, before you can even begin a research project – you must go through an extensive process to receive an okay to move forward
Researchers must prove that the individuals (subjects/respondents) who take part in a study will not be mentally or physically injured by theory participation
Much of the ethical review process came out of the Millgram experiements

23. Summary
When doing research on families, we always have to think of an answerable question?
Then we decide do we want to study the family at the micro or macro level?
Then we choose a theory to guide our research project.
Next we decide what method will we use to collect data?
How many people will be in our study?
We apply the scientific method to the study of families and relationships