1. Carbon Chemistry Carbon Organic Molecules Hydrocarbons
Functional Groups
Acids and Bases
Dehydration Reaction
Hydrolysis Reaction

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3. Carbon Chemistry and Isomers
Carbon atoms make up the base of every organic molecule, including the molecules
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Carbon can assemble into an astounding variety of chain and ring structures. Carbon has four electrons in its valence shell, and therefore ______________
Carbon Chemistry and Isomers

4. Carbon
Each carbon atom is a connecting point from which a molecule can branch out, in up to four directions.

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6. These molecules fall into four major groups
The molecules of living organisms almost always contain other elements in addition to C and H.
These other
These molecules fall into four major groups
________________

7. Functional Groups Carbohydrates, .......................
These small reactive groups are called functional groups. Unlike non-polar hydrocarbon chains, functional groups are usually ionic or strongly polar.
______________

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9. Functional Groups
E.g. Ethane (left) has no functional groups  non-polar. It will not dissolve in the cell because it is non-polar and is therefore useless to it.
______________

10. Acids and Bases ______________
The carboxyl group, COOH, can release a proton to become COO
The amino group
______________

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12. Dehydration Reactions
In many reactions, functional groups lose or gain an H+ or OH-, the components of water, as they interact with other molecules.
_______________
Water forms during this reaction. The remaining oxygen atom forms a bridge as it bonds the two subunits together to form a larger molecular compound.

13. Carbon Chemistry and Life
Hydrolysis Reactions
The components of a water molecule, H+ and OH-, are added to functional groups
For example, the breakdown of starch into individual sugars occurs by hydrolysis
______________
Hydrolysis
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Carbon Chemistry and Life