1. -The French Revolution-

2. -French Monarchy in Crisis-
I. Louis XIV made France a tremendous power, but put the French in debt by helping to finance wars and making extravagant purchases

3. II. Louis XV said, “After us, the deluge (flood)
II. Louis XV said, “After us, the deluge (flood).” By this he was saying that he did not care what happened to France after he died
A. He saw the trouble ahead but did not attempt to stop it

4. III. The French people were divided into three estates
A. The Clergy were members of the First Estate
1. The First Estate made money by collecting the Tithe and through their immense land holdings
2. Property owned by the First Estate was not taxed by the Monarchy, but the Church charged taxes to people who lived on their land

5. B. The Nobles were members of the Second Estate
B. The Nobles were members of the Second Estate. Nobles had several unique privileges
1. Only Nobles could be officers in the army
2. Only Nobles could fill high Church positions
3. Nobles did not have to pay taxes

6. C. The Third Estate was made up of the Commoners of France
C. The Third Estate was made up of the Commoners of France. Not all Commoners were poor, some were very wealthy
1. The French middle class was known as the Bourgeoisie
2. Members of the French middle class were heavily influenced by the Enlightenment
3. Under the Old Regime, members of the Bourgeoisie paid most of the taxes

8. 4. French peasants faced several hardships
a. They paid heavy taxes
b. They could not hunt
5. In the late 1700s, inflation decreased the value of city workers’ labor

9. IV. Several factors were hurting the French economy and pushing the country toward an economic crisis
A. Debt owed to bankers doubled after the American Revolution
B. Poor harvests led to famine
C. Tariffs and customs made trade difficult
D. Guilds restricted new businesses

10. V. Attempts at reform
A. Louis XVI’s first finance minister was Robert Turgot
B. Turgot was influenced by the Enlightenment
1. He attempted to improve the French economy by cutting government spending, limiting the power of guilds, and reducing customs

11. C. Turgot made the radical suggestion that Nobles be taxed
D. Turgot began to suggest to Louis XVI that if he did not act, he would be overthrown
E. As the economic situation grew worse in the 1780’s, Louis XVI was forced to call a meeting of the Estates General

12. -The Revolution Begins-
I. In 1789 Louis XVI summoned the Estates General to a meeting
A. Louis was attempting to win support for reforms he hoped would improve the French economy
1. This was the Estates General’s first meeting in 175 years

13. B. When the Estates General met, the Third Estate immediately demanded reform of the voting system
1. Each Estate voted as a whole; this meant that the first and second Estate always out-voted the third
C. The Third Estate declared themselves the National Assembly and wanted to write a constitution

14. D. After Louis XVI banished the National Assembly, many members made a promise not to leave the palace until France had a Constitution
1. This pledge became known as the Tennis Court Oath

15. II. In the summer of 1789 uprisings occurred in both urban and rural areas of France
A. On July 14th, 1789 citizens of Paris stormed the Bastille and released its prisoners
1. This was the symbolic start of the French Revolution and is known as Bastille Day

16. B. Peasants feared the French army was going to storm the countryside
1. Instead of fleeing, the peasants attacked rural nobles and held them as leverage
2. A large scale attack never came and this series of events became known as the Great Fear

17. III. After Bastille Day, the French Revolution began
A. The Declaration of the Rights of Man outlined the basic rights that all individuals should have
B. In the fall an angry mob of women went to Versailles and took the royal family back to Paris as prisoners

18. C. The National Assembly began religious reforms
1. Freedom of worship
2. Bishops were no longer appointed by the King but were elected
3. Church lands were confiscated and sold to raise money

19. D. The National Assembly wrote the Constitution of 1791
1. France was to become a limited monarchy with three branches of government

20. IV. Responses to the Revolution
A. Many French people did not like the Constitution of 1791
1. Radicals thought the constitution gave too much power to the king and wanted the monarchy eliminated
2. Nobles thought the constitution went too far

21. B. After the National Assembly presented the constitution, Louis XVI and his family attempted to flee France
C. The new Legislative Assembly met in October of 1791
1. Their seating arrangement reflected political divisions
a. Radicals on the left
b. Moderates on the right

22. D. The radicals were also divided among themselves
1. The most radical group in France was known as the Jacobins

23. -The Revolution gets Messy-
I. Defense of the Revolution
A. Many European rulers were concerned about the situation in France
1. They were afraid it would inspire the people of their countries to rebel

24. 2. Nobles in exile were lobbying Austrian and Prussian rulers to take action
a. These nobles in exile were called Émigrés

25. B. In April 1792, France declared war on Austria and Prussia
1. Initially, the war went poorly
2. It ended up helping the Revolution because the threat of defeat caused many French to unite behind the new Revolutionary leaders

26. C. In August 1792, the Radicals overthrew the new government
1. Louis XVI and his family were imprisoned
2. The Radicals called for a new constitution
3. This was the second Revolution in France

27. II. The Second Revolution in France
A. The new governing body in France was known as the National Convention
B. Radicals were elected to the Convention
C. The National Convention abolished the monarchy and voted to make France a Republic

28. D. The Jacobins demanded Louis XVI be tried for treason
1. After discovering several letters written to émigrés and European kings asking for help, Louis XVI was convicted and executed

29. III. Attacks on the Revolution
A. In March 1793; Britain, the Netherlands, and Spain all joined Austria and Prussia in the war against France
B. Moderates began to criticize the Radicals
1. They thought the Revolution had gone too far

30. IV. Reign of Terror
A. Because of the crisis the National Convention stopped work on the new constitution and established the committee of public safety
1. The committee sought to rid France of “Enemies of the Revolution”
2. The committee was led by Maximilien Robespierre

31. B. Between 20,000 and 40,000 people were killed
1. Many by the guillotine
C. A draft was established to increase the strength of the military
1. After France achieved victory in war, Robespierre was arrested and executed

32. -The Rise and Fall of Napoleon-
I. The Constitution of 1795
A. After the Reign of Terror, the French wrote the Constitution of 1795 and established the Directory
1. This was the fourth Revolutionary government in France
B. The Directory had two branches:
1. The Legislative branch was elected by literate property owners
2. The Executive branch was made up of five directors chosen by the Legislature

33. C. The Directory faced a number of problems
1. Corrupt legislators were easily bribed
2. The Directory removed price controls and poor city workers rioted due to inflation
3. The Directory continued to be aggressive in war

34. II. Napoleon Bonaparte
A. Napoleon rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution
1. Most officers fled France early in the Revolution; this enabled Napoleon to become a general at the age of 27

35. 2. He was considered a hero in France after key victories against the British and Austria
3. Napoleon married a woman named Josephine who was a French socialite with political connections

36. B. After returning from war as a military hero, Napoleon and two directors overthrew the Directory
1. They wrote a new constitution and named Napoleon “First Council”
2. In 1802, Napoleon was elected First Council for life

37. C. In 1804, in a ceremony with the Pope, Napoleon named himself Emperor of the French
1. Napoleon had absolute power, but needed to maintain Revolutionary reforms to keep that power

38. III. Napoleon’s Reforms
A. As part of Napoleon’s reforms, he created an organized law code known as the Napoleonic Code
1. All men were equal before the law
2. Freedom of religion
3. Eliminated laws that extended rights to women

39. B. Napoleon created the Bank of France
1. This national bank deposited tax money
2. Issued paper money
3. Made loans
C. Napoleon set up Lycees
1. These were government run schools that trained officers

40. D. Napoleon signed an agreement with the Pope known as the Concordat of 1801
1. The election of Bishops ended
2. However, Church property confiscated during the Revolution was not returned
Pope Pius VII

41. IV. From 1807 to 1812, Napoleon controlled most of mainland Europe
A. While defeating European powers at war, Napoleon was able to keep these nations from uniting against him

42. B. Napoleon brought the ideas of the French Revolution, as well as his own, to the nations he defeated
1. Religious tolerance
2. An end to serfdom
3. The Napoleonic Code

43. C. Napoleon attempted to weaken Great Britain by establishing the Continental System
1. Great Britain was a major obstacle to Napoleon’s plans for conquest

44. 2. The Continental System ordered European nations to stop trading with Britain
a. In response, Britain taxed all ships bound for France
3. The Continental System hurt France and the rest of Europe more than it did Great Britain

45. V. Rise of European Nationalism
A. Many European nations began to resent Napoleon for several reasons
1. High taxes
2. Soldiers were forced to serve in Napoleon’s army
3. Leaders wanted a return to traditional customs
B. Opposition began in several parts of Europe
1. Prussia rebuilt its army
2. Spaniards began to practice guerilla warfare

46. VI. The Russian Invasion
A. Russia, under Czar Alexander I, broke the Continental System and began trading with Britain
1. In response, Napoleon organized an army of 500,000 men and invaded Russia

47. B. The Russians refused to fight
1. They instead retreated into Russia and destroyed their crops and livestock as they went
2. This was known as a Scorched Earth policy

48. C. When the Russians finally fought at Moscow, Napoleon’s troops defeated them
1. However, by this time the Russian winter was approaching
2. Napoleon had no supplies or shelter and was forced to retreat

49. D. The Russian army attacked Napoleon’s forces as they retreated
1. As a result of the attacking Russians and brutal conditions, only 100,000 of Napoleon’s troops made it out of Russia alive

50. VII. Defeat of Napoleon
A. With the French army weakened, Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia attacked France and defeated Napoleon
1. Napoleon went into exile on the island of Elba
2. Louis XVI’s brother, Louis XVIII, became king

51. B. Louis XVIII kept many of Napoleon’s reforms in place
1. Religious toleration
2. Napoleonic Code
C. Louis XVIII faced several key problems
1. Returning émigrés demanded revolutionaries be punished and things return to tradition
2. Louis XVIII needed to honor the Revolution in order to maintain popular support

52. D. Napoleon used this opportunity to return to France, remove Louis XVIII from power and form an army
1. The British and Prussians did not hesitate to act
a. They attacked quickly and defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo

53. -The Battle of Waterloo- Early Battle
French
British
Prussians
La Haye Saint
Chateau Hougomount
Cuirassiers
Cuirassiers
Plancenoit
Imperial Guard

54. -The Battle of Waterloo- Later Battle
French
British
Prussians
Chateau Hougomount
La Haye Saint
Artillery attacks fail
Infantry attacks fail
Cavalry attacks fail
Imperial Guard attacks fail
Plancenoit

55. Square Formation

56. 2. Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of St
2. Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of St. Helena where he stayed until he died in 1821
a. Napoleon’s return to power in France is known as the “100 Days”

57. VIII. The Congress of Vienna – 1815
A. European leaders met to restructure Europe after the defeat of Napoleon
1. The meeting was dominated by Conservative Reactionaries
2. Prince Metternich of Austria led the meeting

58. B. The Congress had two major goals:
1. Legitimacy – Restore the power of royal families across Europe
2. Balance of Power – France was reduced to its pre- Revolutionary boundaries

59. C. The Age of Metternich
1. For thirty years after the Congress, Metternich sought to avoid revolution and maintain the status quo in Europe

60. -Latin American Independence Movements-
I. Trouble in the Colonies
A. Creoles wanted to rid the colonies of Spanish officials

61. B. Enlightenment
1. The radical European ideas of Locke, Rousseau, and Montesquieu became popular
C. The success of the American (1776) and French (1789) Revolutions encouraged Latin Americans

63. II. The Revolutions
A. Napoleonic Wars
1. Weakened Spain’s ability to control the colonies
2. Much of Europe was in disarray

64. B. Revolution in Haiti – 1804
1. Haiti was the first nation in Latin America to win independence
2. Started as a slave revolt
a. Toussaint L’Ouverture was a self-educated former slave who led Haiti to independence

65. C. Simon Bolivar A.K.A. “The Liberator”
1. Latin American George Washington
2. Created the Republic of Gran Colombia
a. Modern day Venezuela, Columbia, Peru, and Ecuador

66. D. Jose de San Martin
1. Led independence movements in Argentina and Chile

67. E. Mexico
1. Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos were both priests who sought independence for Mexico in the early 1800’s
a. After Native Americans and Mestizos united, Mexico was able to win independence

68. F. Brazil
1. Granted independence peacefully by Portugal

69. III. New Republics in Latin America
A. Obstacles to progress
1. Simon Bolivar stated, “America is ungovernable”
2. Geographic barriers made travel, communication, and unification difficult
a. Social and economic divisions

70. 3. As groups of people fought for control of new Latin American nations, military leaders known as Caudillos often took over and ruled as dictators

71. B. Three groups emerged as the power elite in most Latin American nations
1. The Military
2. The Catholic Church
3. Land owners