1. Social learning theory
Learning via observation and imitation of others

2. According to Bandura’s theory of social learning there are 4 stages to learning:1. 2. 3. 4.

3. Vicarious reinforcement
Identification

4. Bobo doll experiment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zerCK0lRjp8

5. Write on the whiteboard A, P, F, C for this study and get it checked before adding to your sheet.

6. Find your bio approach notes Biological approach re-cap
Kahoot quiz!

7. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
Not Q 7 Q8 Q9
Q10
21 mins
Ext = do q 11 &12

8. Q1 - C
Q2 - B
Q3 - C
Q4 – E (box 1) D (box 2)

9. Q5. Synaptic transmission
For top marks = refers to both presynaptic and postsynaptic processes
Signal reaches the synapse – causes vesicles containing neurotransmitters to move towards to the edge of the synapse
Neurotransmitters released into synaptic gap/cleft
Neurotransmitters travel across the gap/cleft and bind with postsynaptic receptors to activate the next cell.

10. Q6
A) false
B) false

11. Q8) 2 marks for outline & 2 for links to scenario
Sympathetic nervous system = responds to threat/ Fight or flight
‘breathing quickens’ ‘ mouth dries’ ‘ heart pounds’
Parasympathetic nervous system = rest & digest / normal functioning
‘breathing slows down’ ‘becomes calm’
If candidate states fight or flight and rest and digest with no further explanation = 1 mark

12. Q9
The endocrine system
Secretes hormones
Regulates boduly functions
Chemical system of communicaion via the blood

13. Q 10
B & C

14. Evaluation Learning Approach
 What is the problem with the way this approach does its research?
 What factors which effect behaviour does this approach ignore?
 What is a good thing about the way this approach does its research?
Applications for this approach? Could it help people in some way? (apply theories/ideas)
Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
Social learning theory

15. Behavioural/ learning treatments for phobias
Based on classical conditioning
= assumption is phobias can be unlearned by changing the association from negative fear to positive emotions

16. examples Person How does it work How do they make it ethical? Jackie
Fear of feathers
(2nd treatment not hypnotherapy)
Treatment: systematic desensitisation
Trevor
Fear of heights
Treatment: flooding

17. Flooding What does it involve? How does it work?
How do they make it ethical?

18. Flooding Immediate exposure to very frightening situation
Longer sessions (up to 3 hours)
Often only 1 needed

19. How / why does it work?

20. Why is this cheaper than systematic desensitisation?
Evaluating flooding
 COST EFFECTIVE
Why is this cheaper than systematic desensitisation?
 TRAUMATIC/ UNETHICAL
How could you argue this?
 LESS EFFECTIVE FOR CERTAIN PHOBIAS
Can you think of any phobias where this would be difficult or impossible to use?

22. Systematic desensitisation
1) Anxiety hierarchy
What do you think this means?
How is it devised?
2) Relaxation
What sort of techniques could you use?
Why would you do this?
3) Exposure
How is the patient exposed in this treatment?
When do they move to the next level?

23. hierarchy to treat dog phobia

25. Another example
Baked beans phobia!

27. Re-cap What are the three stages of systematic desensitisation?
How is it different to flooding?

28. Evaluating systematic desensitisation
 EFFECTIVENESS
Research: Gilroy et al (2003) (pg 147)
What two treatments were compared?
What was the effect after 3 months and 33 months?
What does it show about the treatments?
APPROPRIATENESS
How could you argue that this is more suitable than flooding for people with anxiety or learning difficulties?
 COSTLY
Why is this more expensive than flooding?
TIME CONSUMING
Why is this more time consuming than flooding?

29. Gilroy et al (2003) (pg 147) What two treatments were compared?
Systematic desensitisation & relaxation (control group) – 42 patients
What was the effect after 3 months and 33 months?
SD group were less fearful
What does it show about the treatments?
SD more effective than relaxation & long lasting effects

30. Behaviourist explanation of phobias
We learn to fear a certain object or situation
Mowrer: two-process theory
Phobia is created via classical conditioning
And maintained via operant conditioning.

31. How is behaviour learnt?
1.Classical conditioning
Learning to associate an event or situation with fear
E.g. person is bitten by a dog and learns to associate dogs with fear
Little Albert
How did he react to the rat to begin with?
How did he become afraid of the rat?

32. Little Albert:
Finding albert :

34. In Little Albert, identify the following:
Neutral Stimulus
Unconditioned Stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Conditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Response

35. 2.Operant conditioning: what do these terms mean?
Positive Reinforcement =
Negative reinforcement =

36. 2.Operant conditioning Reinforcement = positive
How is the patient positively reinforced for their phobic behaviour?’
Negative reinforcement =
How does the patient strengthen their own phobia via NR?

37. Evaluation of the behavioural approach
 Supportive evidence
There is evidence to support the view that phobias are learnt = Little Albert Study
 Practical Applications –What treatments are available? How to they link to learning theory?
 Phobias don’t always follow trauma – why is this problematic for this theory?
Mineka’s monkeys

38. Weaknesses  An alternative explanation of phobias
Focuses too much on environmental determinants of behaviour and ignores role of biology/evolution
There is evidence that phobias may have a biological cause
E.g. many people have frightening experiences with cars, electricity, but few people have fears of these objects
Appear biologically prepared to develop fears of objects that have had survival value e.g. snakes, heights