1. Miumi Hashimoto Chloe Ho Erika Murayama Sumire Terai
Libya
Miumi Hashimoto
Chloe Ho
Erika Murayama
Sumire Terai

2. Agenda ・ Backgrounds (Geography, History, etc.) ・ Key events
・ Response by international community
・ Critique on international involvement
・ R2P Criteria
・ Current Situation in Libya

3. Background Geography Area: 1,759,540 sq. kilometers
→the size of Gifu prefecture
Population: 6,420,000
Capital: Tripoli
GDP(2014): $49.34 billion
Economy: Agriculture→Oil

4. Brief History ・74B.C.- Conquered by Romans
・7th century - Conquered by Sanu Umayyad
・16th century - part of the Ottoman Empire
・ Italy seized Libya
・ Declared independence as United Kingdom of Libya,
King Idris succeeded to the throne
・ Renamed: Kingdom of Libya
・ Gaddafi launched a military coup

5. Muammar al-Gaddafi ・De facto leader of Libya (1964-2011)
・Supporter of Pan-Arabism / Anti-Americanism
・Wrote “The Green Book”　→　Jamahiriya
・His dictatorship continued for 42 years
→Until Gaddafi’s regime collapsed in 2011
by anti‐governmental demonstration
・Murdered on October 20th, 2011

6. Libyan Intervention Classical humanitarian intervention:
First major humanitarian intervention to
be considered under the principles of R2P.
Classical humanitarian intervention:
Lacked the consent of target state’s government
Involved significant use of forcible measures
Undertaken by the Western States

7. Revolts in Benghazi
Demonstrations were sparked by arrest of a human rights campaigner in Benghazi – thousands of protestors gathered in the streets.
Quickly turned violent when Gaddafi’s forces fired live ammunition at the crowds.
Estimated over 300 people died in the first few days fighting – rebels quickly took control of Benghazi.

8. Revolts contd.
Thousands of people joined demonstrations against Gaddafi which spread to other cities including Tripoli, Libya’s capital.
By late February, rebels had taken control of many eastern cities but were starting to be pushed back.
Gaddafi’s initial response - he would rather die a martyr than give up power – remained in control of Tripoli.
He claimed that the protestors had been drugged by Al-Qaeda.

9. Initial response by International Community
UN Human right commissioner, Navi Pillay and special advisors to the UN warned that “widespread systematic attacks on civilian populations could amount to crimes against humanity.”
UN secretary general Ban Ki-Moon personally contacted Gaddafi and tried, but failed, to get him to end the conflict.
General Assembly passed Resolution 65/60 suspending Libya from their position on the Human rights council
 Unanimously passed UN Resolution 1970
Arms embargo
Froze the assets of Gaddafi and his inner circle and restricted their travel
Referred the situation in Libya to the International Criminal Court for investigation

10. Gaddafi loses allies Many government officials defect:
- Chief of State Protocol, Gaddafi aide for 40 years, resigns
- The entire Libyan delegation to the Arab League resigns.
- Libyan ambassador to the U.S. resigns
Libyan diplomats at the U.N side with the opposition and
demand the removal of "the tyrant Moammar Gadhafi.”
 Later establish armed opposition group National Transitional Council (NTC)
Regional organisations also cut ties with Gaddafi’s regime and called for a no-fly zone – League of Arab States (LAS), African Union (AU), Gulf cooperation council (GCC), and Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC)

11. Gaddafi’s ‘no mercy’ threat
In a radio address, Gaddafi warned the rebels that his army will attack Benghazi with full force.
“We are coming tonight, you will come out from inside. Prepare
yourselves from tonight. We will find you in your
closets…there will be no mercy.”
Fear that if Benghazi fell, Gaddafi’s forces would indiscriminately kill the opposition. Many governments and UN officials believed that diplomacy alone could not prevent a massacre.
"In the coming hours we will see a real genocide if the international community does not act quickly“ - Ibrahim Dabbashi, Deputy Libyan UN ambassador
Increased pressure on international community to take action

12. UN resolution 1973
Authorised the use of ‘all necessary measures’ to protect civilians
First time UNSC has authorised military force against the wishes of a functioning state.
Imposed a no fly-zone and demanded an immediate ceasefire
Operation Unified Protector – NATO-led operation enforcing resolution 1970 and 1973
China and Russia abstained from voting – had issues with practicalities of military intervention but couldn’t justify inaction in the face of a massacre.

13. The Fall of Tripoli
Uprising in Tripoli by rebels supported by NATO air raids – codename ‘Operation Mermaid Dawn’
Rebels swarm into Col Gaddafi's fortress compound in Tripoli and capture it within a few days.
Only a few strongholds left, Gaddafi goes into hiding.

14. Formal Recognition of NTC
African Union joins 60 countries, including all 5 permanent UNSC members, which have recognised the NTC as the new Libyan authority.
International Criminal Court issue arrest warrant for
Gaddafi for crimes against humanity
In September, The NTC was recognised by UN as the legal representative of Libya, thereby replacing the Gaddafi government.

15. Death of Gaddafi
October 20th - Gaddafi is captured and killed attempting to escape from Sirte.
Mustafa Abdel Jalil, leader of the NTC, declares Libya officially "liberated" eight months after the start of the uprising.

16. Criticisms on Intervention
Humanitarian intervention? A questioning of the incentives of the intervention.
Imminent threat to civilian lives…but
Resources
OIL

17. Criticisms on Intervention
Coalition measures the success of the intervention with the end of Gaddafi’s reign
Intention of intervention. Was it really for humanitarian reasons?
Rejection of the African Union Road Map for Libya
Regime Change > Humanitarian incentives

18. Criticisms on Intervention
Obama gives Gaddafi an Ultimatum (1.20)

19. Criticisms on Intervention
Ultimately, intervention results in Gaddafi’s removal from power.
Regime change entails more thought and diplomatic measures
Is it worth the civilian causalities?
How much will the new Libyan regime improve its Human Rights Record?
How could NATO have gone about regime change differently?
Long-term targeted sanctions

20. Criticisms on Intervention
Post-Gaddafi Libya
Gaddafi killed without trial
After Gaddafi’s death the international community left Libya to its own devices.
Rebel Groups, with no clear leader. Factions were unwilling to stand behind NTC (National Transitional Council)

21. Criticisms on Intervention
After the removal of Gaddafi, bloodshed continued.
Left Libyan Economy in Shambles.
No clear plan for the future, left Libya a country without a head.
Leads to the current crisis in Libya

22. Responsibility to Protect
R2P Criterion
Our Group’s Decision
(In a Scale of 0~5)
Just Cause
★★★★☆
Right Intention
★★★
Last Resort
Proportional Means
★★★☆
Reasonable Prospects
★★★★★
Right Authority
★★★★

23. Just Cause - ★★★★☆
Quick development of emergency – nobody suspected any mass atrocities in Libya
Apparent Danger – Gaddafi’s repetitive threats, and some actual harms already happening
☞Enough danger to legitimize ignoring sovereignty (qualified for the exceptional case even in the eyes of China and Russia)
Massacre apparent in everyone’s eyes… but has not happened just yet
A responsibility to prevent, rather than a responsibility to react (tackling crimes against humanity rather than the actual ethnic cleansing)

24. Right Intention - ★★★
Originally a good intention from humanitarian causes (authorization from all SC members)
Eventually the primary goal becomes regime change, not the protection of civilians
Oil? Democracy?
Although the intention of overthrowing Gaddafi present from the start, it was only a way to save the civilians. There was a general understanding that removing Gaddafi directly relates to protecting the civilians, so it was widely considered that removing Gaddafi was the goal of the intervention. May have been condemned politically if he was not removed?
Asked for by regional arrangements such as LAS
Did not fulfill the responsibility to rebuild
Failed to tackle similar situations in Bahrain, Syria, Yemen? (does not undermine the value of this intervention)

25. Last Resort – ★★★★☆
Quick development of emergency, so did not have enough time to go carefully step-by-step
Meanwhile, sanctions were applied step-by-step to a possible extent, very positive that nothing else could have been done
5 countries abstained, not voted against… shows the understanding of the imminent situation
Didn’t air raid come a little bit too quickly?

26. Proportional Means - ★★★☆
No consent of the host state, but with consent of everyone else around the world
Even if the power balance may have been a bit awkward, with the quick development and a definite sign of massacre, did not have time to linger
Massacre has not happened just yet
Was regime change really necessary?
As for after the end of Gaddafi’s regime, there were not enough!! Disorder left to the myriads of split rebels, the building of a new government took time and confusion still present today

27. Reasonable Prospects – ★★★★☆
Consequence of inaction seemed quite large
Action was backed up by UN authority, international community, local rebels, and regional arrangements powerfully (basically, nobody liked Gaddafi.)
Lacked clear, long-term strategy

28. Right Authority - ★★★★
“All necessary means” authorized by Resolution 1973
The situation was dire
UN cooperation with regional arrangements, no other significant body was opted out of debate of intervention, strong regional support
Why was LAS prioritized over AU?

29. Current Situation
・National Transitional Council (NTC) united, and asked international society for aids
・Libyan General National Congress election in July, 2012
→National Forces Alliance won the election (48.8%)
→Prime Minister Ali Zeidan
★Coalition Government
Situation=Unstable

30. Current Situation ★ Libya is still in the depths of confusion...
・There are a lot of problems:
*collecting weapons has not been done
*security force is in shortage of manpower
*turmoils among local regions and tribes ...etc.
*murder of 4 American ministers in Tripoli...etc.
・Arrest of Abu Anas al-Liby / Abduction of Ali Zeidan (2012/10/5)
・Abduction of Ali Zeidan by LROR
(the Libya Revolutionaries Operations Room)
→shows the big influence of militia
★ Libya is still in the depths of confusion...

31. The End
Now on to Q&A…