1. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Underlying Causes:
PLAY UNTIL 3:30
PLAY SONG IN TITLE

2. DO NOW/TURN & TALK:
In your own words define the word revolution
List any revolutions that you have heard of and classify them into the categories below:
Political, social, and economic
Is violence is sometimes necessary in a revolution? Why or why not?

3. rev·o·lu·tion
a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system.
synonyms: rebellion, revolt, insurrection, mutiny, uprising, riot, rioting, insurgence, seizure of power, coup (d'état)
"the French aristocracy was ill-prepared to quell a revolution"

4. Background-France in 1700’s:
Louis XIV made France very powerful, most advanced European nation at time
prosperous trade, culture was widely copied
However, Monarchy in Crisis:
growing unrest due to:
growing population, unemployment & high taxes, huge war debt, king’s spending (Versailles)
questions raised by Enlightenment & unfair social class structure

5. THE OLD REGIME: Based on feudalistic system remaining from Middle Ages
France still divided into 3 Estates – 3 large social classes (castes)
Estates determined each person’s place & rights/expectations in society

6. The Privileged Estates: disliked Enlightenment ideals of equality
The First Estate: Church (Upper Clergy)
Rich from tithes
exempt from taxes
Gave 2% of income to govt
½ of 1% of population
The Second Estate:
The Nobility:
exempt from taxes
2% of population
officers in army
High church positions

7. The Third Estate: Approx. 98% of population
wide variety of occupations & economic status (not all poor, some very wealthy)
paid majority of taxes
PACKET ACTIVITY

8. The Third Estate: Break-down:
**affected by food shortages & inflation**
1. Bourgeoisie:
Merchants & artisans (skilled craftsmen)
supported Enlightenment
2.The Workers (urban):
Poorly educated + poor wages, long hours & high taxes
3.The Peasants: (rural)
Still had feudal duties but couldn’t hunt
Largest group– 80% of population
Gave ½ of income to: Nobles (rent), Church (tithes), King /Govt. (taxes, fees, tolls)

11. The Three Estates: Interpreting Political Cartoon Activity

12. Economic Problems: High taxes & feudal fees– hurt commerce
Tariffs & customs hurt trade
Guilds restricted new businesses
Cost of living & prices increased (inflation)
Food shortages due to bad weather & crop failures – 1780’s  famine & rising prices
* Price of bread doubled in 1789*
ALL 3 GROUPS OF 3RD ESTATE wanted lower taxes, lower prices, higher wages
TO 16:09

13. The French Urban Poor

14. Louis XVI – 1774-1793 Spent money at Versailles
American Revolution doubled govt. debt
1786 – bankers refused French govt. new loans
Poor, weak leader – ignored advice – preferred hunting, science experiments to ruling

16. Marie Antoinette: (Madame le Deficit)
Austrian, married 14
Austria was an old enemy & Marie was used to luxury, this made her unpopular
Spent $$ on clothes, jewels & parties to keep herself entertained
START AT 5:00-16:09, 20:00-22:15

19. VERSAILLES VIRTUAL TOUR OF VERSAILLES (3 min)
SUPERSIZERS EAT FRANCE 5:00-6:00, 7:00
CRIBS- VERSAILLES EDITION (4 min)
WIFE SWAP FRENCH REV EDITION (4 min)

20. PART TWO: THE REVOLUTION BEGINS
It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity…
-- Charles Dickens A Tale of Two Cities

21. Do Now:

22. Louis XVI & The Estates General:
aka French “Parliament”: law makers
Called in May 1789 /first time in 175 years/at Versailles
WHY? French govt. facing bankruptcy
Louis proposed to tax nobles for first time & nobles against it
Clergy feared it would expand to them
3rd Estate wanted it, hoping for tax relief
REMINDER ABOUT CONNECTION TO BRITS AND PARLIAMENT-EVERY TIME KINGS CALLED NOBLES TO GET $$, NOBLES INSISTED ON MORE LAWS GUARANTEEING RIGHTS

24. Trouble in the Estates General:
Traditionally:
Each estate got one vote on issues
1st & 2nd met together to out vote the 3rd
Now:
3rd wanted to meet together as a whole group & wanted votes to be based on population (they had 98 %)
Louis sided with 1st & 2nd estates

25. Turn and TalkAbbe Sieyes
Catholic Priest/reformer sympathetic to 3rd estate
Published frustrations in “What is the Third Estate”
The Third Estate is faced with making a decision about their membership in the Estates General:
1. How might the ideas in the document above influence the action of the Third Estate?
2. What do you think should be done?
...We must ask ourselves three questions...
What is the Third Estate? Everything.
What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing.
What does it want to be? Something

26. CHANGES TO THE ESTATES GENERAL:
3rd Estate withdrew from Estates General and hatched a new plan
Goal: pass laws & reforms for French people in opposition to King and the other 2 Estates
June 17, 1789 – National Assembly declared –ends French absolute monarchy – begins representative democracy

27. National Assembly & Tennis Court Oath:
First direct action of French Revolution
June 20th, 1789 – 3rd Estate met on a tennis court at Versailles – vowing not to leave until new French constitution was written
**Reading and questions activity**

29. REVIEW:

30. The Storming of the Bastille:
July 1789 – King ordered 1st & 2nd Estates to join National Assembly b/c only way to get $$
sent Swiss guards to Paris
3rd estate heard rumors of massacre
July 14, 1789 – Parisians invade The Bastille (prison castle) to free prisoners/steal weapons & gunpowder
guards overwhelmed –symbol of beginning of Revolution
Today = French 4th of July
WHERE TERMS LEFT & RIGHT CAME FROM- 1ST & 2ND SAT ON RIGHT & 3RD SAT ON THE LEFT/ hyperlink video in title

31. Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789=independence day for France
*18 died.
*73 wounded.
*7 guards killed.
*It held 7 prisoners [5 ordinary criminals & 2 madmen].
*They FORGOT to free the prisoners
The French Revolution began when the people of Paris stormed the Bastille on July 14, Yes, that's the date France celebrates as the start of the Revolution. And, if you're to pick a specific date for something as complex and incremental as the start of the Revolution, it may be as good a date as any. But by that date, lots of other things had happened - the convocation of the Estates-General, the Tennis Court Oath, the meeting of the National Assembly - that probably would have propelled the Revolution forward if the Bastille had never fallen. To put it another way: the cork was coming off the bottle and it probably would have popped with or without the fall of the Bastille. Above all, the storming of the Bastille made a great symbol. Also, it's more fun to set off fireworks for an event that involved actual cannon fire and bloodshed than for something as civilized - but central - as a bunch of middle class men in frockcoats standing around a tennis court (actually, a badminton court).

32. “Yes, that's the date France celebrates as the start of the Revolution… But by that date, lots of other things had happened - the meeting of the Estates-General, the Tennis Court Oath, the meeting of the National Assembly - that probably would have propelled the Revolution forward if the Bastille had never fallen. Put it another way: the cork was coming off the bottle and it probably would have popped with or without the fall of the Bastille. Above all, the storming of the Bastille made a great symbol. Also, it's more fun to set off fireworks for an event that involved actual cannon fire and bloodshed than for something as civilized - but central - as a bunch of middle class men in frockcoats standing around a tennis court.” - Jim Chevallier (Historian)
Do you agree with Chevalier’s opinion that the French Rev would still have occurred even without the storming of the Bastille? Why or why not?

33. National Assembly Creates the Declaration of the Rights of Man
August 27th 1789
Some nobles & clergy joined w/ 3rd Estate
GOAL = remove privileges of Old Regime class system & achieve equality

34. Declaration of the Rights of Man:
Reflected Enlightenment & Declaration of Independence ideals:
“men are born & remain free & equal in rights”
“natural rights of man = liberty, property, security, & resistance to oppression.”
guaranteed citizens equal justice, freedom of speech & religion
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” - slogan of Revolution.

36. Which Enlightenment thinker inspired the following articles of the Declaration ?
– The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security & resistance to oppression.
– The free communication of ideas & opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may….speak, write & print with freedom…

37. But what about women? Didn’t apply to them!
Olympe de Gouges: feminist, writer & playwright
demanded equal rights for women – wrote “Declaration of Rights of Woman & Female Citizen,”
For this & other writings -would lose her head to “Monsieur de la Guillotine”

38. The Great Fear:
Rumors of nobles attacking peasants spread– caused panic:
Peasants attacked nobles & homes (held them hostage)
October 1789 –Parisians (women) – angry at rising bread prices marched to Versailles, killed 2 guards
demanded royals move to Paris to be watched
20:00-31:30

39. La Marsaillaise
PLAY AT BEGINNING OF CLASS

40. March of the Women, October 5-6, 1789
October 1789 – Parisians – mainly women – angered over rising bread prices – marched to Versailles, killed 2 guards, and demanded Louis & Marie move to Paris where they could be kept under watch
- Lived as virtual prisoners for the next 3 years
- The royal family would never see Versailles again

41. Louis & Family on the Run:
Many nobles fled France, called: Emigres = “enemies of the revolution”
Louis XVI – tried to flee in June 1791 – stopped at border & returned to Paris
strengthened radicals of revolution
convinced many that king was a traitor & must die.
34:30- 44:26

42. Factions in Assembly Divide France:
Radicals-
opposed king and idea of monarchy
wanted huge changes in govt.
proposed that the common people should have full power
Conservatives-
upheld idea of limited monarchy
wanted few changes in govt.
Moderates -wanted some changes in
govt. but not as many
as radicals

43. The Extremes on Both Sides:
1.“Sans Culottes” (those w/out knee-pants)– radicals
Wanted lower prices, more food, & to execute King & all nobles
2. “Emigres” (nobles outside of France)
wanted to invade France, restore monarchy & crush revolution /reforms

44. War & Extremism: 1792 – France faced internal chaos & an external war
European leaders saw French Rev as a “peasant revolt” & feared a similar situation in own nations
April 1792 – Prussia & Austria demand France return Louis XVI to throne or war will ensue
The Legislative Assembly (FRANCE) responded by declaring war on them first

45. The War Begins Badly:
Summer 1792 – Austrian & Prussian forces marched on Paris – crushing poorly equipped & trained French July – Prussians threatened France not to harm royal family or Paris would be destroyed – Aug – 20,000 Parisians invaded Tuilleries Palace & seized royal family – locking them in a tower

47. Chaos:
September Massacre (1792) – angry mobs stormed Parisian prisons & murdered over 1,000 clergy & nobles
National assembly abolished constitutional monarchy & created new govt. :
The National Convention – dominated by a radical faction known as the Jacobins.

48. The Royals meet Mr. Guillotine
January 21, 1793 – Louis XVI was executed for treason by the Guillotine
Marie soon followed in October
44:26- 59:20

49. Bye Bye Louis

50. Maximilien Robespierre
Parisian lawyer & Jacobin leader
Supporter of the rights of the poor – “the incorruptible”
1793 – led The Committee of Public Safety – selected “enemies of the Revolution” for execution & removed all traces of monarchy/ Old Regime from France
Known as “The Reign of Terror” – over 3,000 were executed in Paris – many were leaders of the earlier governments
40,000 across France were executed
85% were from the middle and lower classes

51. Corner of Concorde: Where Guillotine Once Stood:

53. CHANGES UNDER ROBESPIERRE:
Lavish, elaborate clothing style of Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI was forbidden
Closed all the Churches
Abolished Sundays and all religious holidays
New calendar with months named after seasonal features
Yearly calendar was dated from the start of the Republic, Sept. 22, 1792

55. The Reign of Terror Ends
July 28, 1794 –Robespierre was executed
French people were tired of revolution
1795 – formed The Directory - a new govt.
oligarchy of 5 “directors” – from the moderate upper middle class
2 house legislature
Although many Directors were corrupt – they brought stability to France
They also appointed Napoleon Bonaparte General of the French forces

56. VIDEO REVIEW
French Rev in a Nutshell
Ted Talk

57. The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte

58. Timeline to understand government changes
Abolished Absolute Monarchy
Replaced the Estates General
Created Constitutional Monarchy
National Assembly -1789
Abolished Monarchy
Led by Robespierre & the Jacobins (radicals)
Created Committe of Public Safety
Executed the King
National Convention-1792
Made up of a 5-man board
Brought stability back to France
Directory-1795
Timeline to understand government changes

59. Napoleon Bonaparte: Born 1769 – Corsica military school, army officer
1795- Defended the govt from a“Royalist”rebellion by firing upon the crowd
Famous hero of French Revolution
Series of victories that ended external threats
OVER 300 DEAD IN UNDER AN HOUR

62. Napoleon – Self-Promotion & Propaganda
Napoleon crossing Alps commissioned years later to promote his image – the myth…
Print from sketch made during campaign –reality… Napoleon brought artists with him to record & promote his exploits

63. COUP D’ETAT: November 1799 – Napoleon led a coup d’etat
–sudden overthrow of a govt. by the military –
Created a new government and constitution
Napoleon was named First Consul and eventually appointed himself Consul For Life (Dictator) Napoleon's Battles
ABBE SIEYES WAS A CO-CONSPIRATOR!

64. NAPOLEON AS SPIN DOCTOR
4 AM and weary Napoleon still hard at work. Bee is symbol of his empire, lion recalls exploits in Egypt.

65. Positives for France Under Napoleon:
Centralized government –military efficiency, improved services and reduced corruption
Established a National Bank – straightened out country’s finances (economic stability)
Promoted officials based upon merit not birth
Concordat – French government would appoint bishops – BUT bishops appointed parish priests
Napoleonic Code!
ABOLISHED FEUDALISM/JUDGES COULDN’T DECIDE CASES BY INTRODUCING A GENERAL RULE

66. **The Napoleonic Code**
Freedom of religion
Right to work in any occupation = end to guilds
Outlawed labor unions = workers could not testify against their employers in court
Laws on property, contracts, debt payment, joint stock companies – supported free enterprise system
Recognized civil marriage & divorce

67. Negatives for France Under Napoleon:
Censored press and freedom of speech
Less freedoms for women – little controls over property, no custody rights over children

68. “The throne is a man and that man is me.”
Napoleon took the crown from the Pope at the ceremony in Notre Dame Cathedral & crowned himself Emperor
“The throne is a man and that man is me.”

69. Napoleon’s Yearbook Profile:

70. Mistake #1: The Continental System:
1806 – Napoleon ordered a blockade of all French ports to prevent trade and communication between Britain & Europe
Napoleon’s Goal: force Europe to cut-off trade with Britain (hurt its economy)
Epic Fail: Smugglers ran the blockade, some nations defied the ban & Britain imposed its own blockade that prevented neutral ships from entering French ports (war of 1812)
Hurt France & their allies more than Britain

71. Mistake #2: The Peninsular War
1808 – Sent a French army through Spain to force Portugal to enforce the Continental System
Spanish towns rioted in protest – Napoleon responded by deposing the Spanish king & placed his brother on the throne
Spanish angered—this caused increased nationalism within Spain against the French
Spanish Guerillas fought for 5 years – w/ British aid - French lost 300,000 men
Nationalism increased throughout Europe

72. Mistake #3: The Invasion of Russia
1812 – Napoleon’s ambition led him to invade Russia –
Russian Czar was an ally of France – but refused to stop selling grain to Britain – France’s enemy
The Russians responded to the invasion with a “scorched earth policy”
Destroyed crops & supplies as they retreated into the Russian interior
Napoleon took Moscow but Russians refused to surrender
Napoleon waited too late to retreat – only 100,000 out of 600,000 French troops made it out of Russia
Attacked by Prussia & Austria on the return
Napoleon took 187,600 horses with his army as he rode into Russia in 1812, only 1,600 came back MANY DIED OF TYPHUS SPREAD BY LICE

73. The Retreat From Russia

75. RUSSIAN DISASTER RECAP

76. “I should have died at Moscow
“I should have died at Moscow. Then I would probably have had the reputation as the greatest conqueror of all time… After Moscow, fortune ceased to smile on me.”

77. The End Nears March 1814— Russian & Prussian forces marched onto Paris
April 1814— Napoleon gave up his throne & agreed to surrender

78. Napoleon Exiled Enemies demanded unconditional surrender
he abdicated April 14, 1814
He was given a small pension and was banished to Elba, a tiny island off the coast of Italy – he was 45 years old

79. Napoleon’s Escape & Return
Napoleon escaped from Elba, & arrived in France on March 1, 1815
His return was welcomed by the French people & his army swelled with volunteers as he approached Paris
Napoleon re-crowned himself emperor
THOSE WHO HAD BEEN SENT TO ARREST HIM DEFECTED TO HIS SIDE

80. Napoleon is Banished Again!
Exiled to a remote South Atlantic island – St. Helena
Napoleon lived there for 6 years – dying in 1821
DEFEATED AT BATTLE OF WATERLOO /DIED OF SUSPECTED STOMACH CANCER

82. NAPOLEON’S FINAL EXILE:

83. Napoleon’s Tomb

84. Napoleon’s Legacy- A military genius and great administrator
Napoleonic Code and organization of the French government
Indirectly, he helped to usher in an era of European nationalism and a new European social & political order
The Rise of Napoleon: Engineering an Empire
History VS Napoleon
PLAY NAPOLEON SONG!

85. The Congress of Vienna:
BACKGROUND: After Napoleon’s fall, European powers wanted:
Peace & stability.
To create a “new world order” & system of collective security
: Convened in Vienna, Austria
supposed to last 4 weeks – lasted 8 months

87. Monarchs of Europe wanted to go BACK to 1789…
B= Balance of Power
No country in Europe should have more power than another
A= A New Map
Change Borders
Goal: To make France weaker!
C= Conferences of Peace
Agreement to meet yearly to discuss how to keep peace in Europe
K = Kings RULE! Revolutionaries Drool!
Wanted to restore to power to monarchs

88. Metternich
Opposed to dangerous democratic “experiments” of French Revolution
A noble that wanted a return to Old Regime
“The first & greatest concern for immense majority of every nation is the stability of laws –never their change”

89. Goal : A Balance of Power:
Wanted to weaken France, BUT didn’t want to overly punish France for fear of revenge
France went back to its pre-Napoleonic borders
France kept most of its colonies, its army & its independence

90. OUTCOMES OF THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
Signed June 13, 1815
France’s Size & power reduced
British & Prussian power increased
Nationalism increased –revolutions in Europe and Latin America
Spanish colonies gained independence
Ideals of Liberty, fraternity & equality could not be completely wiped out
European monarchs had to adopt Revolutionary ideas like equality & democracy

91. Cartoon review

92. HISTORY VERSUS NAPOLEON:

93. French Rev Review https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8K1CzqG-jrI
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