1. Attachment Theory
Geoff Goodman, Ph.D.

2. I. Bowlby’s Model of Attachment
Prolonged separation-- key feature of psychopathology
1. “affectionless”
2. stealing
B. Reactions to prolonged separation
1. protest
2. despair
3. detachment

3. Continued… C. Five attachment behaviors to elicit care and protection
1. smiling
2. crying
3. clinging
4. following
5. sucking

4. Continued…
D. Difference between object relations and attachment theories
1. object relations: goal = mother
2. attachment: goal = physical proximity to mother
3. later, in attachment theory, goal becomes felt security
E. Exploratory behavioral system
1. activated when felt security prevails
2. deactivated when caregiver is absent

5. F. Fear system
1. activates attachment system in response to natural cues of danger
a. unfamiliarity
b. sudden noise
c. isolation
2. deactivated when caregiver becomes available again

6. G. Patterns of affect regulation
down-regulate (avoidant)
up-regulate (resistant)
expectations of interactive attributes of early caregivers influence these patterns
H. Additional differences between attachment and psychoanalytic theories
1. use of ethology as a basis for human behavior
2. emphasis on relationships over drives
3. external environment privileged over internal world

7. Continued…
4. emphasis on empirical research over clinical case reports
5. de-emphasis on Oedipus complex
6. de-emphasis on unconscious fantasy
7. de-emphasis on biological vulnerability
8. de-emphasis on bodily pleasures
9. reduction of etiology of trauma to physical separation
10. temperament excluded as influence on development of IWMs

8. II. Theory of Psychopathology
Developmental pathways model
dismissing strategy-- overregulated, dismissing of feelings, especially vulnerable feelings
preoccupied strategy-- underregulated, entangled in feelings, especially vulnerable feelings
unresolved “strategy”-- absence of strategy or controlling strategy to counteract vulnerable feelings

9. Continued…
B. Activation strategy related to dialectic between two different needs
1. sense of relatedness (hyperactivated end of continuum)
2. sense of autonomous identity (deactivated end of continuum)
3. two types of depression
a. anaclitic-- need for approval (preoccupied)
b.introjective-- perfectionistic (dismissing)
4. attachment theory can help refine our predictions about psychopathology by focusing on representational differences

10. C. Disorganized/ unresolved attachment
caregiver’s lack of resolution of trauma < age 16
frightened or frightening caregiver behavior
dissociated behavior
angry, hostile behavior
mixed messages--eliciting and rejecting attachment (Lyons-Ruth et al., 1999)

11. D. Continuity of psychopathology
quality of care can change, but IWM stays the same (IWMs increasingly resistant to change)
representations are derived from expectations developed over time
caregiver behavior influences long-term development of infant’s physiological and behavioral regulatory systems that control stress responses (e.g., D infants and cortisol levels)

12. Continued…
4. psychopathology might serve adaptive function to regulate caregiver relationships and maximize felt security
5. lack of mentalization can disrupt relationships and reduce felt security, which further hinders mentalizing capacity

13. III. Advances in Attachment Theory
Karlen Lyons-Ruth
1. relational diathesis model-- D attachment predisposes individual to further trauma
2. directly and indirectly, disorganization related to later outcome

14. B. Morris Eagle IWMs reflect fantasy as well as actual interactions
not temperament affecting actual care
temperament (fantasy) can influence perception of that care
but IWMs can control gene expression
2. Oedipal conflicts are a byproduct of insecure attachment

15. C. Jeremy Holmes three prototypical pathologies of narrative capacity
clinging to rigid stories (dismissing)
feeling overwhelmed by un-storied experience (preoccupied)
inability to find strong narrative to contain traumatic pain (unresolved)

16. 2. treatment recommendations
story breaking-- rethinking narrative in more coherent fashion
story making-- elaborating on a healing story to enhance consciousness of one’s own mental life
dismissing patients-- need to break open self-contained narrative
preoccupied patients-- capturing confusion and overwhelmed feelings in narrative
unresolved patients-- finding narrative for traumatic pain

17. D. Arietta Slade
dynamics of attachment inform rather than define intervention strategies
listening to linguistic cues and gaps in memories
functions of this close linguistic listening
suggests organizing events in early development
allows therapist to imagine patient’s earliest experiences and how they impacted patient
enhances therapist’s empathy by imagining patient’s caregiving experiences concretely

18. Continued… 4. work with children
a. both present and past experiences are important
b. parents’ IWMs of relationships with own parents and with child are modified

19. E. Alicia Lieberman
relation of feeling states in current relationships to feeling states with baby
internalized early experiences provide structural framework that influences experience of infant care
defensive processes of infant complement those used by caregiver
developmental guidance and supportive treatment implemented with interpretive work

20. IV. Future Directions for Attachment Theory
Exploration of distortions in child’s perception of external world
Exploration of developmental variations in IWMs
Discontinuities in attachment classification related to different developmental periods
Dimensional nature of attachment categories (both secure and insecure aspects)
Goal of attachment behavior—not just protection but also containment
Enrichment of attachment theory’s view of psychopathology with psychoanalytic ideas (e.g., Kernberg, Fonagy & Target)