1. Stress in Work Life Has 222 Prof. Dr. Vedat Işıkhan
Hacettepe UniversityFaculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences
Department of Social Work
Faculty Fellow

2. Section 1 Has 222: The aim of the Occupational Health and Safety Course I
To learn basic concepts, main factors and ways of protection about occupational health and safety.
In this course, what are the psychosocial factors that are effective in working life and what are their effects are emphasized.

3. Psychosocial Risk Factors
Occupational risks generally consist of physical hazards, including biological, biomechanical, chemical and radiological risks and and psychosocial hazards. The International Labor Organization (ILO) defines psychosocial hazards on the basis of job satisfaction, business organization and management, and the interaction between environmental and organizational conditions and workers' expertise and needs.
These interactions are danger to the health of the worker through the way they are perceived and experienced. This danger is caused by stress. However, psychosocial hazards also have direct effects that are not released by stress.

4. Psychosocial Risk Factors
Exposure to physical and psychosocial hazards may affect psychological and physical health. These effects occur in at least two ways:
Direct physical symptoms,
Indirect indications via stress.

5. These two ways are not the option of each other, but in most cases they work together and interact with each other, complete each other, or reinforce each other's influence.
Discussions about the hazard-stress-health relationship often oriented to psychosocial hazards and the physical dimension is ignored. Physical hazards, on the other hand, have psychosocial influences on the brain through fear and fear that they create because of the discomfort and danger they create.
This fear affects both success and the health. This effect depends on the worker’s awareness of the danger itself and the knowledge of the danger. In this case, stress is defined as stress related to exposure to physical and psychosocial hazards.

6. Health and Mental Health
Nowadays, being healthy is not merely the absence of an illness or infirmity; but also having a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being (World Health Organisation).
Mental health and social health are health components that are harder to assess but easier to influence than body health. Individual living conditions, living environment and the work are the main determinants of the mental and social well being. Almost the 50% of the mental and social health affected by the working conditions. There are some factors can affect the mental health:
Working environment
Working time
Wage
Organisational factors (shift, flexible working etc.)
Unionization
Disadvantaged workers (elderly people, women, disabled etc.)
Abuse
Stress
Discrimination, oppression

7. Sources of Psychosocial Factors in Workplace and Stress
Psychosocial factors at work can arise from many different causes, especially stress. Stress, which is defined as anxiety, incitement, warning, forceful situation, is evaluated in two forms condition and continuity. Situational stress can be referred as the stress occurs in the moment and the execution of the work.

8. Situational stress ; for example; rummaging the environment when a person is driving; checking the mirrors frequently, slowing down before making a turn or a student’s listening to the course, taking notes, doing homeworks, to fulfill the requirements of the course. Situation stress is a difficult struggle to avoid, it’s in the life. It is not considered too much trouble, as long as it does not adversely affect the daily life of the person.
In the case of continuity stress, even when the work done by the person is terminated, it is still on the job and related issues and the anxiety stills. For example, an evaluation can be made about a person’s anxiety about how s/he drives, even after arriving at home, at rest; or a student’s anxiety about the course, even after fulfilling the requirements of the course.

9. Problems that arise from inter-personal relationships, such as workers' relations with each other, the foremen and managers, and the existence of conflicts, can be serious risk takers.
Organizational factors such as management style and wage policy, working time, shift presence of work are also among the psychosocial factors.
Factors resulting from the conduct of the business, such as job stress resulting from repetitive and monotonous work, can negatively affect a person.

10. Stress factors in the workplace
Disagreement on the purpose between the managers and workers.
Uncertainties in staff assessment
Competition between people, nepotism, power struggle
Uncertainty of authority and responsibility
No effective recording and communication system
New changes (management, production, wages, etc.)
Personality conflicts
Working conditions (attendance, leave, fees, etc.)
The quality of the work (in uniform workers, time pressure-in the managers)
Position in the workplace (as the level increases, stress factors increase, the most stressful level is the middle level)

11. Section 2 WHY DO WE WORK? Success and Power Ownership
Belonging to a Community
Consideration as a Human
Equal Treatment
Status and Prestige Winning
Being Independent
To earn money and Social Security

13. IMPORTANCE OF THE JOB
The meaning of work in the human life depends on the effectiveness of the job in meeting the needs (psychological, economic needs, etc.)
Having a chance to choose a profession wisely is the determining factor in future problems

14. IMPORTANCE OF WORKING WITH STRESS
Be able to recognize the symptoms of early stimulants of stress,
Define the ways of stress coping,
Supporting the development of attitudes towards being able to respond positively,
Describe the reasons for stress,
It is important to determine the reasons for the stress and fatigue of the person himself / herself.

15. WHAT IS STRESS?
It is a psychological condition that is caused by the threat or enforcement of the physical and mental limits of the organization.
It is a situation that occurs in people and forces them to deviate from their normal activities.
It is a psychological condition where the person feels uncomfortable and whose performance is normally below or above levels.

16. Common Characteristics of Stress
It is accepted that a stimulant is present causing stress.
Stress is a bi-directional phenomenon.
Stress is related to the steps that the individual wants to achieve and to the constraints that this area faces.

17. Stress is often inevitable.
Stress affects people in a variety of psychological and physiological ways.
Stress is the most important factor affecting performance in the organization.

18. WHY DO WE LAY EMPHASIS ON STRESS?
Stress-related illnesses are increasing day by day.
(Sometimes the defense developed against the danger may be more harmful than the danger leading to the stress).
Stress reduces the productivity and leads to many health related expenses,
It is a factor that increases accidents.

19. REASONS OF THE STRESS Being in difficult-to-reach expectations,
Having any positive or negative changes in any way,
Being desperate and having desperate feelings,
Perecption of threat,
Unwanted environmental factors (noise, heat, cold)

20. Unrealized ideals,
Unrealistic ways of thinking,
Lack of support resources,
Fear of failure,
Fear of being successful,
Role conflict,

21. Working too little or too much,
Uncertain roles (not knowing what is desired from the individual)
Working in a crowded environment,
Excessive expectations of the family,
The “must” thinking style (e.g. I must win)

22. Unrealistic attitudes, beliefs and expectations
Malnutrition,
To move below a certain level,
To consume drugs, cigarettes and alcohol in excess amounts,
Belief that anxiety will prevent future mistakes and bad destiny.

23. Type A and Type B Personality Features
Type A Personality Features
Always active
it is impatient
Walks quick, talks fast
It does two things at the same time
Competitive
I feel myself under the threat of time
Type B Personality Features
Patient
There is no time threat
It is never hasty
Have fun doing business
It is warm and soft
Takes time to the family and friends

24. THE REASONS OF STRESS?
It can be from within the organization, outside of the organization, from the groups or the employee itself.
Policies [wage inequality, unfair assessment criteria]
Organization structure and characteristics [centralism]
Physical conditions
Organizational processes [Weak communication, cont.]
Non-organizational, organizational and group stress factors.

25. Individual stress sources Group stress sources
THE REASONS OF STRESS?
Individual stress sources
Group stress sources
Stress sources in the institution
Out off-institutional stress sources

26. FACTORS CREATING STRESS IN THE WORK
1. Caused by Work
Workload
Job quality
Low wage
Shift work
Conflict with supervisors

27. Gossip
Variety of task or versatility
Monotony
Insufficient resources
Conflicts with colleagues
2. Caused by Organizational Roles
Role conflict and role ambiguity

28. 3. Caused by career development
4. Caused by structure and climate
Time management
Weak communication channels
5. Caused by outside the organization
Family and social life

29. FACTORS AFFECTING WORK STRESS IN WORK
REQUESTS
RELATIONSHIPS
CHANGE
DESIGN OF POSITIONS
MANAGEMENT STYLE
WORKING CONDITIONS
Meaninglessness, thoughts,
repetitive, never ending, surrounding, self

30. BODY RESPONSE TO STRESS
Being ready for danger (awake, alarm phase)
Stage of Resistance
Burn-out stage

31. The Whirldwind Stress Model, [Kivisto]
Psychological
Stres Tepkisi
Behavioral
Cognitive
environment
environment
Physical
Emotional
Dimensions of a
person or
well being
Occupational (Business)
Mental
Socio
-cultural
Spiritual
environment
environment

33. BEHAVIORAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF STRESS
SHORT-TERM EFFECTS
Too much alcohol and cigarette use
Headache
Fatigue
Weakness in relation to persons at home and work
Back pain
Anxiety
Decreased work efficiency
Weakness
Depression

34. Thoughtless emotional behavior Sleep problems Inflammability
Behavioral
Physiological
Psychological
SHORT-TERM
EFFECTS
Thoughtless emotional behavior
Sleep problems
Inflammability
Indigestion
Concentration difficulty
Shake
Decrease in self perception
Nausea
Sensory blunting
Trouble

35. Marital life and deterioration of family life Heart disease Anorexia
Behavioral
Physiological
Psychological
LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Marital life and deterioration of family life
Heart disease
Anorexia
Social isolation
Hypertension, ulcer
Chronic depression and anxiety
General health deterioration
Irritability, suicide

36. Section 3 STRESS’ EFFECT ON THE INDIVIDUAL
Behavioral Consequences: [Alcohol intake, excessive eating, etc.]
Physiological Consequences: [Circulatory system, heart and vascular diseases, digestive and reproductive system diseases]
Psychological Consequences: [Anxiety, depression and insomnia] have always ignored the effects of mental events on veins and internal organs. How the mental state affects the physical state has not been investigated.

37. STRESS’ EFFECT ON ORGANIZATION
Low Performance
Employee turnover (turnover)
Absenteeism
Alienisation

38. THE EFFECTS OF WORKPLACE STRESS TO HEALTH
Stressors
Possible results
Heavy work, long working hours, malnutrition
Fatigue
Work rhythm is high and demanding
Accidents
Serious responsibilities and problems of professional uplift
Ulcer
Insatiable, monotonous, boring and meaningless work
Digestive disorders
Long-term operation in an isolated environment
Hypertension

39. Stressors Possible results
Business conditions, workload and work rhythm challenges
Heart failure
Doubts in such as insecurity, loss of work, lack of money, housing problems and retirement
Skin disorders
Problems such as ambient noise, vibrations, heat and lighting
Hearing, vision and nervous problems
Chemical pesticides and narcotic substances
Depression
Accidents, outbreak and anxiety about injury
Anxiety Symptoms
Family and general environmental problems, night shifts and overtime, and family and social problems caused by such order disorder
Asthma and similar diseases

40. WHICH INDIVIDUALS ARE UNDER MORE RISK?
Hostility, hatreds dominate
Those who share guilt in all matters
Those who are hypersensitive and emotional
Egocentrisism
Those who find things very good or very bad
Known as childlike

41. Which Occupations Are at More Risk?
Emergency Help Personnel
Soldiers
Police officers
Firefighters
Managers
Teachers (Special Education Teachers)
Social Workers
Miners

42. Thank you…