1. Chapter 2
Compounds of Life

2. Elements Found in Living Things
97.6% of the atoms found in living things are C,H,N,O,P,S
Various combinations of C,H,N,O,P,S make up most compounds in living things.

3. Organic Compounds
1. Organic Compounds are compounds which contain carbon.
2. Why is carbon so important?
a. Carbon has four electrons and can form a variety of covalent bonds with other atoms.
i. Carbon can form long chains.
ii. Carbon can form rings.
iii. Carbon can form single, double and triple bonds.

4. Organic Compounds

5. Organic Compounds 3. Organic Compounds can form polymers.
4. Smaller compounds called monomers combine to form polymers.
a. This is similar to how we organize letters of the alphabet to form a variety of words.
b. The letters are monomers and the words are polymers
c. The joining of polymers is called polymerization.

6. Organic Compounds
monomer
polymer

7. Inorganic Compounds 1. Inorganic Compounds do not contain Carbon.
2. H2O, soil, calcium phosphate (bones).
3. Exception  CO2

8. Compounds of Life Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and nucleic acids
All of these are organic compounds.

9. Carbohydrates
Examples of carbohydrates
Starch
Table sugar
Fruit sugar

10. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are necessary for ENERGY!

11. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates contain C, H, and O.
The simplest form of a carbohydrate is the monosaccharide (single sugar).
Glucose – sugar produced by plants.
Fructose – sugar found in fruits.
Galactose – sugar found in milk.

12. Molecular formula = C6H12O6
Carbohydrates
Molecular formula = C6H12O6
Glucose, Fructose and Galactose all have the same molecular formula but have different structures.

13. Carbohydrates
Combining two monosaccharides together forms a disaccharide
sucrose = glucose + fructose
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Lactose = glucose + galactose

14. Carbohydrates A disaccharide is formed by dehydration synthesis.
Dehydration – loss of water
Synthesis – put together.

15. Carbohydrates
When many (more than two) monosaccharides are joined together by dehydration synthesis a polysaccharide is formed.
A polysaccharide is good for storing excess energy

16. Carbohydrates
More than two glucose joined together forms the polysaccharide starch in plants.
Stores excess energy in plants
Found in potatoes, pasta and rice

17. Carbohydrates
More than two glucose joined together forms the polysaccharide glycogen in animals.
Stores excess energy in animals
Found in your muscles and your liver

18. Carbohydrates A polysaccharide can also be used for structure.
Chitin is found in the cell wall of fungus
Chitin is found in the exoskeleton of many insects
Cellulose is found in the cell wall of plant cells

19. Carbohydrates
Disaccharides and polysaccharides can be broken apart by Hydrolysis.
The reverse of dehydration synthesis.
Add water to break the bonds.

20. Clicker Question
All of the following are true of glucose, fructose and galactose EXCEPT
They all have the same structure.
They are all monomers
They are all monosaccharides
They all have the same molecular formula
They all can form disaccharides

21. Clicker Question The combination of glucose and fructose
Forms a polysaccharide called sucrose
Forms a polysaccharide called starch
Forms a disaccharide called maltose
Forms a disaccharide called sucrose

22. Clicker Question Maltose, sucrose and lactose are all examples of
Polymers
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
A and B are correct

23. Clicker Question
Glucose and glucose can form the disaccharide maltose through
Dehydration synthesis
Hydrolysis
Maltolysis
None of the above

24. Clicker Question
All of the following are true of dehydration synthesis EXCEPT
Combines monomers to form polymers
Results in a molecule of water
Breaks apart polymers
Forms disaccharides from monosaccharides

25. Clicker Question This is an example of Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis
The formation of a disaccharide
A and C
B and C

26. Clicker Question This is an example of Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis
The formation of a disaccharide
A and C
B and C

27. Lipids=Fats=Triglycerides
Lipids/triglycerides are necessary for
Cell membranes, store energy, protect organs, nervous system…..

28. Lipids=Fats=Triglycerides
Examples of Lipids/triglycerides
Animal fat
Oil
Wax

29. Lipids=Fats=Triglycerides
A Lipid/triglyceride is made up of a glycerol and three fatty acids.
Formed by dehydration synthesis
Broken apart by hydrolysis

30. Saturated Lipids/fats/triglycerides
Saturated lipids contain all single bonds in the fatty acid chain.

31. Saturated Lipids/fats/triglycerides
Animal fat found in meat and dairy products.
Solid at room temperature.
Due to the single bonds.
“Bad” fat. Too much can lead to heart disease.

32. Saturated Lipids/fats/triglycerides

33. Unsaturated & Polyunsaturated Lipids/fats/triglycerides
Contains one or more double bonds.
If there is more then one double bond it is called polyunsaturated.

34. Unsaturated & Polyunsaturated Lipids/fats/triglycerides

35. Unsaturated & Polyunsaturated Lipids/fats/triglycerides
Sesame, peanut, corn and vegetable oil.
Liquid at room temperature.
Due to double bonds.
“Good” fat.

36. Phospholipids Phospholipids
Important to the structure of the cell membrane.
One part dissolves in water, the other part does not (How soap works! See the next slide)
Has a Hydrophilic head - water loving
Has a Hydrophobic tail - water hating

37. Phospholipids
A soap micelle
Dirt
Phospholipids

38. Clicker Question The monomers of a lipid molecule are
Glucose, fructose and galactose
Unsaturated fats
Glycerol and three fatty acids
Saturated fats

39. Clicker Question This is a picture of a _______ molecule. Fatty acid
Glucose
Fructose
Glycerol

40. Clicker Question This is a picture of a _______ molecule. Fatty acid
Glucose
Fructose
Glycerol

41. Clicker Question This picture illustrates
The formation of a lipid molecule through dehydration synthesis
Breaking apart a lipid molecule through hydrolysis.
The joining of monomers to form a polymer
A and C
B and C

42. Clicker Question This is a picture of a(n) _________ fat molecule.
Saturated
Mono-unsaturated
Polyunsaturated

43. Clicker Question This is a picture of a(n) _________ fat molecule.
Saturated
Mono-unsaturated
Polyunsaturated

44. Clicker Question
All of the following are true concerning saturated fats EXCEPT
They are found in plants
They are solid at room temperature
Too much can lead to heart disease
A molecule of this type of fat has all single bonds in the fatty acid chain.
Cheese and butter contain this type of fat

45. Clicker Question
All of the following are true concerning Unsaturated fats EXCEPT
They are found in plants
They are liquid at room temperature
This type of fat is healthier than saturated fats
A molecule of this type of fat has all single bonds in the fatty acid chain.
This type of fat can be found in peanuts

46. Clicker Question All of the following are true of phospholipids EXCEPT
A phospholipid has both a head and a tail
A phospholipid has one part which is hydrophilic and one part which is hydrophobic.
Phospholipids do not dissolve in water.
Phospholipids are found both in soap and in cells.

47. Proteins What are some examples of proteins?
Hair, nails, eyes, muscle, enzymes.
Proteins have many functions.
Structure (collagen in bones)
Storage (Egg whites)
Transport (cells)
Enzymes (chemical reactions)
Defense (immune system)

48. Proteins Amino Acid – Monomer of a protein. -R
Variable group (determines the type of amino acid)

49. Proteins
Proteins are created by combining amino acids through dehydration synthesis and broken down by hydrolysis.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids.
The bond between two amino acids is called a peptide bond.
Dipeptide (two amino acids), polypeptide (many amino acids)

50. Clicker Question The monomer of a protein is a(n) amino acid dipeptide
Polypeptide
enzyme

51. Clicker Question This is an example of a(n) _____ Amino acid dipeptide
Polypeptide
None of the above

52. Clicker Question The arrow is pointing to a(n) _______ Amino bond
Carbon bond
Peppy bond
Peptide bond

53. Clicker Question A dipeptide is formed during the process of
Hydrolysis
Dehydration synthesis
Both A and B are correct

55. Enzymes - A Type of Protein
A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a reaction.
Our bodies use special catalysts called enzymes.
Enzymes speed up the reactions within our bodies.
Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis for example.
Enzymes are proteins!

56. Enzymes - A Type of Protein
Activation Energy - energy needed to get a reaction started.
Enzymes lowers the activation energy of reactions.

57. Enzymes - A Type of Protein
Enzymes are very specific.
A particular enzyme will only speed up one kind of reaction.
Example: Lactase – only breaks down lactose, Sucrase digestion of sucrose.
Example: Sucrase - only breaks down sucrose
If you are missing or don’t have enough of an enzyme
Your body will not function properly.
Examples: Lactose intolerance and Tay Sachs disease.

58. Enzymes - A Type of Protein
Substrate – The reactants.
Enzyme – Speeds up a reaction
Active site – Where the substrate and enzyme bind together.

59. Enzymes - A Type of Protein

60. Enzymes - A Type of Protein
Enzymes function at an optimal temperature.
Human enzymes work best at 37ºC
The rate of enzymatic reactions decreases at lower temperatures.
The rate of enzymatic reactions increases at higher temperatures.
Too high of a temperature denatures (destroys) the enzyme so that it no longer functions

61. Enzymes - A Type of Protein
Enzymes function at an optimal pH.
Human enzymes work best at a pH between 6 and 8.
Changing the pH can alter the rate of reaction for an enzyme.

62. Clicker Question
What is the approximate optimal temperature for this enzyme?
a. 25ºC
b. 30ºC
c. 45ºC
d. 50ºC

63. Clicker Question What would happen if the enzyme were heated to 60ºC?
The enzyme activity would be at its maximum rate.
The enzyme activity would be at its lowest rate.
The enzyme activity would be at its optimal rate.
All enzyme activity would stop.

64. Clicker Question What is the optimal pH for this enzyme? a. pH 3
b. pH 5
c. pH 6
d. pH 7
e. pH 8

65. Nucleic Acids DNA and RNA are used to transmit genetic information.
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
We’ll go over this when we cover chapter 7.