1. Evaluating Behaviourism
Aim:
To compare types of conditioning within the behaviourist approach

2. Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin was an English naturalist and geologist, best known for his contributions to evolutionary theory. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors. Human behaviour is in response to our struggle to continue the species.

3. The Psychodynamic Approach - Freud
The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality.

4. Keyword:
Environmental determinism: the idea that all our behaviour and past experiences have been conditioned. Everything we do is the sum total of our reinforcement history.Example: Reinforcement: a consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated. Example:

5. Pop Quiz!
1. What is one ethical issue surrounding behaviourist research?
2. A process of learning through association
3. The famous behaviourist who experimented on rats
4. A type of conditioning that involves association between stimuli
5. A type of conditioning that involves avoidance of pain or a reward
6. The behaviourist who experimented on dogs
7. A criticism of the behaviourist approach
8. A strength of the behaviourist approach

6. What have we been conditioned to think here?

7. What is Behaviourism? Aim:
To revise the difference between classical and operant conditioning
To evaluate the behaviourist approach

8. Key Words
Behaviourism: human behaviour can be measured, trained and changed through conditioning. We only ever learn through experience.
Changing behaviour through a training programme is called conditioning

9. Conditioning
Classical: we act because we associate one thing with another. EXAMPLE: Operant: we act because we want to attain/avoid the consequences of what we do. EXAMPLE:

10. TASK: Types of Reinforcement
Provides a feeling of satisfaction that increases the likelihood of the desired response being repeated – e.g. teacher praises you on a piece of work
Positive
reinforcement –
The removal of an unpleasant experience to increase the likelihood of a desired response e.g. doing the washing up to stop your parents nagging!
Negative
reinforcement –
ON THE BOARD – model this to explain
A negative stimulus parents smacking their child.
Punishment – 10

11. To study behaviour is OBJECTIVE.
BEHAVIOURISM - WATSON
“Give me a dozen healthy infants…and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become…a doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even a begger-man and thief”.
WATSON ( )
The CONSCIENCE cannot be studied reliably and cannot be meaningfully defined. It is subject to personal judgement and not SCIENTIFIC
BEHAVIOUR, on the other hand, can be observed and investigated scientifically.
To study behaviour is OBJECTIVE.
Explain the personal opinion part – two separate psychologists could listen to a person sharing their feelings and come up with completely different conclusions. 11

12. Thorndike and the Law of Effect
Watch the video and write answers about the following: (I will give you a minute)
What is Thorndike’s beliefs about actions and rewards?
What are Thorndike’s ideas about learning?
CATS & THE PUZZLE BOX
THORNDIKE ( )
LAW OF EFFECT
Events in the environment produce rewards for some behaviours and not others. Behaviours that produce REWARDS (escape) are repeated whereas behaviours that result in punishment are not (cats NOT escaping).
Extension: Revision Tool – draw a picture of the LAW OF EFFECT 12

13. SKINNER AND OPERANT CONDITIONING
Operant conditioning- Skinner ( )
Learning is due to the consequences of our VOLUTARY BEHAVIOUR within our environment, more specifically, the consequences of our behaviour through positive or negative reinforcement and punishment
BASIC ASSUMPTION:
Consequences e.g. gaining rewards or receiving punishments, can modify and shape behaviour.
QUICK TASK: SUMMARISE THIS IN NO MORE THAN 10 WORDS 13

14. Skinner Box Study What would an example of NEGATIVE reinforcement?
By chance he presses the lever
A hungry rat placed in a box with a lever which, if pressed, will release food. He performs various exploratory behaviours
I’ll do that again
What would an example of NEGATIVE reinforcement?
A pellet of food appears!
Is this a positive or negative reinforcement?
Skinner would put a hungry rat in a box with a lever which, if pressed, would release food.
This is an example of POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT – increased likelihood of a behaviour because something pleasant comes out of it 14

15. Classical conditioning
Learning by association
Learning is due to the association between a NEUTRAL stimulus (a stimulus which normally does not elicit a response e.g. a ringing bell) and a response which is UNCONDITIONED (a reflex, like salivating when you smell food).
Pavlov ( )

16. Pavlov’s Dog Experiment

17. Pavlov designed an experiment to find out what was happening…
Whilst researching the digestive system of dogs….Pavlov noticed something strange
That’s a reflex
What’s going on?
Dog hears the lab technician
Pavlov designed an experiment to find out what was happening…

18. How did Pavlov’s experiment work…
Before conditioning
Bell: Neutral stimulus (NS)
Food: unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Salivation: unconditioned Response (UCR)
During conditioning
Bell: Neutral stimulus (NS)
Pairing
Food: unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
Salivation: unconditioned Response (UCR)
After conditioning
Conditioning – creating the association, moulding and manipulating behaviour.
Print this off for every student.
Bell: Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Salivation: Conditioned response (CR) 18

19. Skinner
AIM: METHOD: CONCLUSION: EVALUATION:

20. Pavlov
AIM: METHOD: CONCLUSION: EVALUATION:

21. Watson
AIM: METHOD: CONCLUSION: EVALUATION:

22. Behaviourism
Aim:
To revise the difference between classical and operant conditioning
To evaluate the behaviourist approach

23. Conditioning
Classical: we act because we associate one thing with another Operant: we act because we want to attain/avoid the consequences of what we do.

24. Classical conditioning
Group One
Group Two
Classical conditioning
Operant Conditioning

25. Learning Classical conditioning Operant conditioning
Learning through association of stimuli
Operant conditioning
learning new behaviours through the consequences of past

26. Behaviourism
Psychodynamic
Cognitive
Biological
Humanistic

27. Likelihood of repetition
Operant conditioning
“Behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences.” (B.F.Skinner)
Behaviour
Consequence
Likelihood of repetition
Reinforcement
Punishment

28. Likelihood of repetition
Operant conditioning
“Behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences.” (B.F.Skinner)
Behaviour
Consequence
Likelihood of repetition 
Reinforcement
Punishment

29. Likelihood of repetition
Operant conditioning
“Behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences.” (B.F.Skinner)
Behaviour
Consequence
Likelihood of repetition 
Reinforcement
Punishment

30. Operant conditioning Reinforcement Punishment
A consequence that strengthens the behaviour that preceded it
Punishment
A consequence that weakens the behaviour that preceded it

31. John Watson and Little Albert (1920)
How did this experiment support the claims of behaviourism?
Identify two ethical issues surrounding Little Albert’s experiences.

32. Pavlov’s Dog Experiment

33. Pavlov’s Dog Experiment
METHOD: Pavlov tested the salivation reflex of dogs who would be given food after a bell was rung. The dog had a salivation device connected to its mouth. Sometimes they would not be given food after the bell had rung, but they salivated anyway when the bell was rung. RESULTS: the reflex of the dog could be changed according to the different stimuli (the sight of the food bucket or the sound of the bell). The reflex could not be controlled if the bell was rung to far apart from the food being served because the dog would not make the association
Ivan Pavlov– a famous behavioural psychologist

34. B.F. Skinner – a famous behavioural psychologist
“The Skinner Box”
METHOD: a rat was placed in a box and would have to push a level when it wanted the food, which would appear. RESULTS: the food appearing would increase the likelihood of the rat pressing the level (positive reinforcement), whereas the food not appearing after the pressing of the level would decrease the rat’s pressing of the button (extinction)
B.F. Skinner – a famous behavioural psychologist

35. “Describe and evaluate the psychological approach of Behaviourism” (12marks)

36. Describe and evaluate the behaviourist approach (12marks)

37. PAVLOV

38. OPERANT

39. FREUD

40. EXPERIMENT

41. FREE WILL

42. REDUCTIONISM

43. UNETHICAL

44. CONDITIONING

45. ENVIRONMENT

46. ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY

47. STIMULUS

48. SKINNER BOX

49. GENES