1. Recommended Textbooks
The Pharynx
Recommended Textbooks
Gray’s Anatomy for Students.
Authors: Richard Drake, A. Wayne Vogl, & Adam Mitchell.
Publisher: Churchill Livingstone
Clinical Anatomy by Region.
Author: Richard S. Snell.
Publisher: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy
Authors: Anne Agur, Arthur Dalley

2. Pharynx A funnel shaped fibromuscular tube extends from the base of
skull & continues below with esophagus at the level of ??
Divided into 3 parts:
Nasal: nasopharynx
Oral: oropharynx
Laryngeal: ?

3. Muscles of Pharynx (Read your text for origin, insertion, innervation & action of these muscles)
3 constrictors:
Sup., mid. & inf.
- Run in circular direction & attached post. to pharyngeal raphe
- The successive contraction of these muscles produces the action of swallowing
Overlap each other in the direction of ???

5. Killian’s Dehiscence Inferior constrictor m. consists of 2 parts:
- Sup.: ??
- Inf.: ??
* A weak area presents between
The 2 parts of inf. constrictor m.
 m.m. may protrude giving rise
to a pharyngeal pouch

6. Pharyngeal Pouch (Pharyngoesophageal diverticulum)
Outpouching of pharyngeal mucosa in the region of Killian dehiscence between ?? & ?? parts of the inf. constrictor m. Manifestation: Mainly affects older adults May be asymptomatic, however: dysphagia regurgitation cough Diagnosis: simple barium meal Rx.: Small, asymptomatic  no Rx. Large, symptomatic  endoscopic stapling

7. *All of these muscles help elevate the pharynx
3. Stylopharyngeus m.:
styloid process  post. Border of ??
pass between??
Innervation?
4. Palatopharyngeus m.:
Palatal apon.  ??
 Palatopharyngeal fold
5. Salpingopharyngeus m.:
Auditory tube (medial end) 
Blends with??
*All of these muscles help elevate the pharynx

9. Nasopharynx Post. To nasal cavity & above ?? Lined by ?? Contains:
- auditory tube:
opens into ??
- Tubal tonsil:
aggregation of lymph nodules
around ??
- Tubal elevation & Salpingopharyngeal fold
- Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid):
in the submucosa of ??

10. Oropharynx Post. To oral cavity & opens to it Through ??
between? At the level of ?
The floor is made by:
post. 1/3 of tongue & ??
Contains:
Palatine tonsils:
between ?
over sup. Constrictor m.
 tonsillar bed

11. Oropharyngeal isthmus & Valleculae

12. Relations of Palatine Tonsils
Ant.: ??
Post.: ??
Sup.: ??
Inf.: ??
Medially: ??
Laterally: ??

13. Tonsillitis & Tonsillectomy
Tonsillitis: inflammation of the tonsils (palatine)
Acute (causes?) Vs. Chronic (cause?)
Tonsillectomy: removal of palatine tonsils
Rationale:
* Some argue that tonsilectomy is unnecessary surgery & may be dangerous because:
you remove one source of immunity
* Others argue that chronically inflamed tonsils are a site of recurrent infection.
Inflammation of pharyngeal tonsil ?

14. Laryngeopharynx From epiglottis to cricoid C. At vertebral level?
Lined by ?
Contains:
- Piriform fossa

15. Piriform Fossa A small recess (depression) on
Each side of laryngeal inlet
Bounded:
Med.: ?
Lat.: ?
Fxn.?
* Internal laryngeal n. pass
In the fossa just beneath the m.m.

16. Innervation of The Pharynx
Sensory:
Naso:
Oro:
Laryngeo:
Motor:
Pharyngeal plexus
to all muscles of pharynx Except?

17. Gag Reflex
Involved both sensory & motor innervations of pharynx working together
Sensory stimulation of pharyngeal mucosa
(via IX) 
Contraction of pharyngeal musculature
(from X via pharyngeal plexus)

18. Waldeyer’s Tonsillar Ring
Pharyngeal Tonsil:
single, roof of ??
Tubal Tonsils:
on lat. Walls of ??
Palatine Tonsils:
Lingual Tonsil:
single, floor of ??

19. Esophagus
A muscular tube that lies post. to the trachea & extends from the neck (C6) to the stomach
~ 25 – 30 cm long
Passes through esophageal opening of the diaphragm at the vertebral level of ??
Fxn:
Transport food into the stomach

20. Histology of Esophagus??
Submucosa
Sk. M.
Smooth m.
Adventitia
Mark Nielsen
4 layers: (in  out)
Mucosa:
epithelium?
Submucosa:
A.C.T.
Muscularis:
sup. 1/3: ??
mid. 1/3: ??
inf. 1/3: ??
Adventitia: