1. 2 Support and Movement Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Unit
Frederic H. Martini
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Professor Albia Dugger, Miami–Dade College, Miami, FL
Professor Robert R. Speed, Ph.D., Wallace Community College, Dothan, AL
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

2. Chapter 7: The Axial Skeleton

3. What are the bones of the axial skeleton, their structures, and functions?

4. Structures of Bones Articulations: Marks: Foraminae:
contacts with other bones
Marks:
areas of muscle and ligament attachment
Foraminae:
openings for nerves and blood vessels

5. The Axial Skeleton 3D Peel-Away of Whole Axial Skeleton PLAY
Figure 7–1a

6. The Axial Skeleton *
Figure 7–1b

7. The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton:
forms the longitudinal axis of the body
has 80 bones

8. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The skull:
8 cranial bones
14 facial bones

9. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
Bones associated with the skull:
6 auditory ossicles
the hyoid bone

10. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The vertebral column:
24 vertebrae
the sacrum
the coccyx

11. Bones of the Axial Skeleton
The thoracic cage:
24 ribs
the sternum

12. Functions of the Axial Skeleton
Supports and protects organs in body cavities
Attaches to muscles of:
head, neck, and trunk
respiration
appendicular skeleton

13. The Skull The skull protects: the brain
entrances to respiratory system
entrance to digestive system

14. The Skull
PLAY
The Adult Skull
Figure 7–2

15. The Skull Has 22 bones: 8 cranial bones: 14 facial bones:
form the braincase or cranium
14 facial bones:
protect and support entrances to digestive and respiratory tracts

16. Cranial Bones Enclose the cranial cavity Which contains the brain:
and its fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and membranes

17. The Facial Bones Superficial facial bones: Deep facial bones:
for muscle attachment
Deep facial bones:
separate the oral and nasal cavities
form the nasal septum

18. Sinuses Cavities which decrease the weight of the skull:
lined with mucus membranes
protect the entrances of the respiratory system

19. Sutures
The immovable joints of the skull
Figure 7–3a, b

20. Sutures
Figure 7–3c

21. Sutures
Figure 7–3d, e

22. The 4 Major Sutures Lambdoid suture Coronal suture Sagittal suture
Squamous suture

23. Lambdoid Suture Separates occipital from parietal bones
May contain sutural bones

24. Coronal Suture Attaches frontal bone to parietal bones The calvaria:
consists of occipital, parietal, and frontal bones

25. Sagittal Suture Between the parietal bones
From lambdoid suture to coronal suture

26. Squamous Sutures
Form boundaries between temporal bones and parietal bones

27. What are the bones of the cranium, and the significance of their markings?

28. Cranial Bones
The 8 cranial bones
Figure 7–4a, b

29. The Cranial Bones Occipital bone Frontal bone Sphenoid Ethmoid
Parietal bones
Temporal bones

30. The Occipital Bone
Figure 7–5a

31. The Parietal Bones
Figure 7–5b

32. The Frontal Bone
Figure 7–6

33. The Temporal Bones
Figure 7–7

34. The Sphenoid
Figure 7–8

35. The Ethmoid
Figure 7–9

36. What are the bones of the face, and the significance of their markings?

37. The Maxillary Bones
The largest facial bones
Figure 7–10a

38. The Palatine Bones
Figure 7–10b,c

39. What are the structures and functions of the nasal complex?

40. The Small Bones of the Face
Figure 7–11

41. Functions of the Inferior Nasal Conchae
To create air turbulence in the nasal cavity
To increase the epithelial surface area
To warm and humidify inhaled air

42. Functions of the Lacrimal Bones
The smallest facial bones
Form part of the medial wall of the orbit

43. The Mandible
Figure 7–12a,b

44. The Hyoid Bone
Figure 7–12c

45. Functions of the Hyoid Bone
Supports the larynx
Attaches muscles of the larynx, pharynx, and tongue

46. The Orbital Complex
Portions of 7 cranial and facial bones
Figure 7–13

47. The Orbital Complex Forms the eye sockets (orbits):
frontal bone (roof)
maxillary bone (floor)
maxillary, lacrimal and ethmoid bones (orbital rim and medial wall)
sphenoid and palatine bones

48. The Nasal Complex Bones of the nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses
Figure 7–14

49. What are the functions of paranasal sinuses?

50. Paranasal Sinuses Air-filled chambers connected to the nasal cavities:
lighten skull bones
provide mucous epithelium (flushes nasal cavities)

51. What are the differences between the skulls of infants, children, and adults?

52. The Infant Skull
Figure 7–15

53. The Infant Skull Grows rapidly Is large compared to the body
Has many ossification centers

54. The Infant Skull Fusion is not complete at birth: 2 frontal bones
4 occipital bones
several sphenoid and temporal elements

55. Fontanels Are areas of fibrous connective tissue (soft spots)
Cover unfused sutures in the infant skull
Allow the skull to flex during birth

56. The 4 Fontanels Anterior fontanel: Occipital fontanel:
frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures
Occipital fontanel:
lambdoid and sagittal sutures

57. The 4 Fontanels Sphenoidal fontanels: Mastoid fontanel:
squamous and coronal sutures
Mastoid fontanel:
squamous and lambdoid sutures

58. What are the vertebral regions, the curvatures of the vertebral column, and their functions?

59. The Vertebral Column The spine or vertebral column:
protects the spinal cord
supports the head and body

60. Regions and Curves of the Vertebral Column
26 bones:
24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and coccyx
PLAY
The Vertebral Column
Figure 7–16

61. Regions of the Vertebral Column
Cervical (C)
Thoracic (T)
Lumbar (L)
Sacral (S)
Coccygeal (Co)

62. Vertebrae of the Vertebral Column
The neck:
7 cervical vertebrae
The upper back:
12 thoracic vertebrae
each articulate with one or more pairs of ribs
The lower back:
5 lumbar vertebrae

63. The Sacrum and Coccyx
The 5th lumbar vertebra articulates with the sacrum
The sacrum articulates with the coccyx

64. 4 Curvatures of the Vertebral Column
Cervical curve
Thoracic curve
Lumbar curve
Sacral curve

65. Primary Curves Thoracic and sacral curves:
are called primary curves (present during fetal development)
or accommodation curves (accommodate internal organs)

66. Secondary Curves Lumbar and cervical curves:
are called secondary curves (appear after birth)
or compensation curves (shift body weight for upright posture)

67. What are the structures and functions of each vertebral group?

68. Structure of a Vertebra
Figure 7–17a,b

69. The Vertebral Arch
Figure 7–17c

70. Vertebral Foraminae Intervertebral foraminae: Vertebral canal:
gaps between pedicles of adjacent vertebrae
for nerve connections to spinal cord
Vertebral canal:
formed by vertebral foraminae
encloses the spinal cord

71. The Vertebral Canal
Figure 7–17d,e

72. Intervertebral Discs Are pads of fibrocartilage
Separate the vertebral bodies
Absorb shocks

73. Vertebral Regions
Figure 7–16

74. Vertebral Regions Vertebrae are numbered: Vertebrae of each region:
by region, from top to bottom
C1 articulates with skull, L5 with sacrum
Vertebrae of each region:
have characteristics determined by functions

75. The Cervical Vertebrae
PLAY
3D Rotation of Cervical Vertebrae
Figure7–18a, b

76. The Cervical Vertebrae
Figure7–18c, d

77. Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae (4 of 6)
Atlas (C1):
articulates with occiptal condyles of skull
has no body or spinous process
has a large, round foramen within anterior and posterior arches

78. Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae (5 of 6)
Axis (C2):
supports the atlas
has heavy spinous process
to attach muscles of head and neck
Axis and atlas bodies fuse during development to form the dens

79. Whiplash
Whiplash:
a traumatic dislocation of cervical vertebrae

80. The Thoracic Vertebrae
PLAY
3D Rotation of Thoracic Vertebrae
Figure 7–19a

81. The Thoracic Vertebrae
Figure 7–19b, c

82. The Lumbar Vertebrae
PLAY
3D Rotation of Lumbar Vertebrae
Figure 7–20a

83. The Lumbar Vertebrae
Figure 7–20b, c

84. Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae (1 of 3)
Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5):
largest vertebrae
oval-shaped bodies
thicker bodies than T1–T12
no costal or transverse costal facets
triangular vertebral foramen

85. Comparing Vertebrae
Table 7–2

86. The Sacrum and Coccyx 3D Rotation of Sacrum and Coccyx PLAY
Figure 7–21

87. Characteristics of the Sacrum (1 of 3)
is curved, more in males than in females
protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs

88. Characteristics of the Sacrum (2 of 3)
Attaches:
the axial skeleton to pelvic girdle of appendicular skeleton
broad muscles that move the thigh

89. Characteristics of the Sacrum (3 of 3)
The adult sacrum:
consists of 5 fused sacral vertebrae
fuses between puberty and ages 25–30
leaving transverse lines

90. Characteristics of the Coccyx
attaches ligaments and a constricting muscle of the anus
Mature coccyx:
consists of 3 to 5 fused coccygeal vertebrae

91. What is the significance of articulations between ribs, thoracic vertebrae, and sternum?

92. The Thoracic Cage The skeleton of the chest: Consists of:
supports the thoracic cavity
Consists of:
thoracic vertebrae
ribs
sternum (breastbone)

93. The Rib Cage
Formed of ribs and sternum
Figure 7–22a

94. Articulations of Ribs and Vertebrae
Figure 7–22b

95. Functions of the Thoracic Cage
Protects organs of the thoracic cavity:
heart, lungs, and thymus

96. The Ribs
Figure 7–23

97. Functions of Ribs
Ribs:
are flexible
are mobile
can absorb shock

98. Functions of Ribs Rib movements (breathing):
affect width and depth of thoracic cage
changing its volume

99. Ribs Ribs (costae): Ribs are divided into 2 types:
are 12 pairs of long, curved, flat bones
extending from the thoracic vertebrae
Ribs are divided into 2 types:
true ribs
false ribs

100. True Ribs Ribs 1–7 (true ribs) vertebrosternal ribs
connected to the sternum by costal cartilages

101. False Ribs Ribs 8–12 (false ribs):
do not attach directly to the sternum

102. Types of False Ribs Vertebrochondral ribs (ribs 8–10):
fuse together
merge with cartilage before reaching the sternum
Floating or vertebral ribs (ribs 11–12):
connect only to the vertebrae
have no connection with the sternum

103. The Sternum The sternum: a flat bone
in the midline of the thoracic wall

104. 3 Parts of the Sternum The manubrium The sternal body
The xiphoid process

105. The Manubrium The manubrium: the superior portion of sternum
broad, triangular shape
articulates with collarbones (clavicles)
articulates with cartilages of 1st rib pair
has a jugular notch between clavicular articulations

106. The Sternal Body The sternal body: is tongue-shaped
attaches to the manubrium
attaches to costal cartilages of ribs 2–7

107. The Xiphoid Process The xiphoid process:
is the smallest part of the sternum
attaches to the sternal body
attaches to diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles

108. Development of the Xiphoid
The xiphoid process:
is the last part of sternum to fuse
can easily be broken away

109. KEY CONCEPT The axial skeleton: Vertebrae:
protects the brain, spinal cord, and visceral organs of the chest
Vertebrae:
conduct body weight to the lower limbs
Lower vertebrae are larger and stronger:
because they bear more weight