1. Chapter 2: Inventions and Origins

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Vocabulary
Photography
Camera Obscura
Magic Lantern
Pinhole Camera
Phenakistoscope / Zoetrope
Heliography
Daguerreotype
Praxinoscope
Emulsion
Zoopraxiscope
Lens
Short-range Apparent Motion
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Vocabulary
Shutter
Kinetoscope
Sprocket Holes
Cinematograph
Negative
Superimposition
Base
Matte
Film Roll
Cross-cutting
Kinetograph
Trim Bins
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Vocabulary
Non-linear Editing
Insert Shot
Moviola
Cutaway Shot
flat-bed editing machine
Kuleshov Effect
Establishing Shot
Eyelines
Chronophone
Reverse shot
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5. © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Objectives
Investigate the origins and basic optical principles of motion pictures.
Evaluate the effectiveness of visual
communication in a variety of moving
images.
Produce a short motion picture in a
collaborative group using visual
storytelling.
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Note Taking Key
Vocabulary
Key Terms / Previous Vocabulary
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7. Projecting and Playing with Light
Photography
Capturing and transferring light to a preserved state
Magic Lantern
Image projection device that functioned through
the use of a light source, such as a candle, a lens
and transparent slides
Used the 17th – 19th century in Europe and Asia

8. Projecting and Playing with Light
Phenakistoscope (Stroboscope)
Invented by Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau
Optical toy consisting of a flat disc with images along it edge. The viewer stands in front of a mirror, spins the device, and looks through the holes to see the images performing a simple movement, such as juggling.
EXAMPLE:
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9. Projecting and Playing with Light
Zoetrope
Originally developed in China centuries earlier, William Horner of Europe was given the credit in 1834
This cylinder spins on a base and the viewer looks through holes in its sides to see the moving image of the illustrated band below the slits on the cylinder’s interior

10. Projecting and Playing with Light
Praxinoscope
Motion picture device invented by Frenchman Emile Reynaud in 1877
Like the Zoetrope but uses rotating mirrors instead of slits

11. Projecting and Playing with Light
Zoopraxiscope
Eadweard Muybridge, 1879: first projected moving images
A device that combined elements of the zoetrope and the magic lantern.
14 seconds

12. Projecting and Playing with Light
Short Range Apparent Motion
An illusion that allows viewer to perceive still images as moving ones. Used in animation and film. (24 fps)
Muybridge 1878

13. Cinema of the United States – Zoopraxiscope
Eadweard Muybridge (1878)
Cinema of the United States – Zoopraxiscope
2:11 minutes

14. Photography Camera Obscura Ibn al-Haytham of Persia, 11th century
Latin: Dark Room.
In this enclosed space, light is admitted through a small hole and falls on an opposite wall where the image facing the hole is projected upside down.

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Photography
Pinhole Camera
Ibn al-Haytham of Persia, 11th century
A box with a hole in one side which acts as a lens to focus the entering light and display image on the box’s back surface, like with camera obscura.
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16. Camera Obscura & Pinhole Camera
6:43 minutes

17. Photography Heliography (“sun writing”)
First permanent photograph, Niépce 1820’s
Process of using a coat of bitumen and lavender oil solution on a stone, metal or glass plate, placing the plate in a camera obscura and exposing it to light for many hours. The plate was then dipped in a lavender oil bath to develop the image.

18. Heliograph Process
1:08 minutes

19. Photography: Camera & Film
Daguerreotype
Louis Daguerre, 1837
Emulsion
A mixture of two or more liquids that are normally nonmixable or unblendable
Lens
A piece or a series of pieces of transparent material, usually glass, that receive and refract light to form an image at a distance behind the lens.
Shutter
A mechanism that opens and closes to allow light to pass through the lens into the camera and onto the recording surface (such as celluloid film). In motion pictures, the shutter typically opens and closes twenty-four times per second.
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20. Photography: Camera & Film
Sprocket Holes
Sprocket holes are the little square holes which run along the top and bottom of a 35mm film.
Negative
Invented by Fox Talbert
In photography, a negative is an image, usually on a strip or sheet of transparent plastic film, in which the lightest areas of the photographed subject appear darkest and the darkest areas appear lightest. Although a different process of creation is used, a film negative has it’s colors inverted also.
Base
Flexible, sturdy substance typically made of cellulose acetate or polyester, used in the film roll
Film roll
George Eastman, 1888
Photographic film is a transparent, supple, thin strip material, such as celluloid or polyester, which is coated with a light-sensitive emulsion. The emulsion reacts to light, and when the film is developed it create a negative image that then be reproduced as a paper photograph, motion picture, or other type of viewable copy. With a piece of undeveloped film, the dull side is the emulsion, the shiny side is the base.
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Photography in Motion
Edison Studios & W.K.L. Dickson
Kinetograph (1891)
Motion picture camera that would record footage
Kinetoscope (1891)
Viewing apparatus through which a
single person could watch a motion
picture on a small screen.
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22. Early Motion Pictures Cinematograph Lumière Brothers Studios
Motion picture camera, projector and developer created by the Louis and Auguste Lumière
Lumière Brothers Studios
First film: Sprinkling the Sprinkler, Arrival of a Train…
First silent comedy: "L'arroseur arrose" (1895)

23. First Silent Comedy: "L'arroseur arrose“ (1895)
:44 seconds

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Early Motion Pictures
Georges Méliès
Developed and utilized superimposition, matte shots, dissolves, and simple camera movement
G.A. Smith
Grandma’s Reading
Glass (1900)
Used close-ups and
developed basic
POV shots
Courtesy Star Film/Photofest
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25. Further Steps in Narrative Sequences
Building Sequences
Edwin S. Porter
Life of an American Fireman
The Great Train Robbery
Landmark film:
Exploding safe
Fight atop a moving train
Innocent passenger killed
Alice Guy Blaché
Use of close-up to build
narrative
Cross-cutting
Used to establish relationships between events, usually simultaneously occurring events
Courtesy Photofest
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26. Editing: Tools and Standard Steps
Splicer
Trim bin
Used to store pieces of film while
editing
Non-linear Editing
Non-destructive editing
Viewing systems
Moviola (Flat-bed editing
machine)
First movie editing machine
Allows viewing while editing
Steps in process
Assembly / Rough cut
Fine Cut and Final Cut
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27. Editing: Key Developments
Eyeline
Invisible line between the eye of a character and what is being seen by that character, including looks between characters
Reverse shot
A shot taken at the opposite angle of the shot just before it
Commonly used in dialogue and action sequences
Insert shot
A shot of some detail of a scene inserted during editing
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28. Editing: Key Developments
Cutaway shot
A shot that cuts away from the main action
Used to indicate passage of time, build suspense, show reactions or provide outside information
Kuleshov effect
Meaning created between shots that is not apparent when they are viewed separately
Establishing shot
A shot that clearly identifies the location of a scene, usually shown as the first shot of a sequence after a change in location
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“Silent” Films?
Musical accompaniment
Piano or organ
Small ensembles or orchestras
Sound effects
Narrators, such as the Benshi
The Benshi were Japanese performers who provided narration for both Japanese and Western silent films
Sync sound, such as chronophone
Chronophone created in 1902 to sync sound to “silent” films
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30. The Great Train Robbery (11:52)
1903 Silent Film
Landmark film: Exploding safe, Fight atop a moving train, Innocent passenger killed

31. Writing Assignment: Character Development
In non-dialogue sequences or films, characters become alive and understandable to us through their actions and gestures.
For this exercise, you will compose character sketches that will be based on the direct physical presence of actors essential for silent films.
Next, you will write short, simple scenes that explore physical interactions of each character with their world.
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32. PART ONE Writing Assignment: Character Sketches
Create three (3) characters
Describe the following: (Face, Body and Waking Up)
Face
How would you describe the eyes?
Are there any typical movements or attributes of the character’s face?
How is their head usually held?
!!!!!!PROOFREAD!!!!!!
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33. PART ONE Writing Assignment: Character Sketches
Create three (3) characters
Describe the following: (Face, Body and Waking Up)
Body
How does the character’s body move?
Is there a particular walk?
Typical gestures?
Shoulders, elbows, knees and feet are all sources of expressive movement and distillation of character.
!!!!!!PROOFREAD!!!!!!
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34. PART ONE Writing Assignment: Character Sketches
Create three (3) characters
Describe the following: (Face, Body and Waking Up)
Waking Up
Imagine your characters getting up in the morning.
Write brief (4 – 6 sentences) paragraphs about each of the character’s first actions of the day.
The paragraphs must each begin with the character’s name and use the verb “wants” in the first or second sentence.
!!!!!!PROOFREAD!!!!!!
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35. PART ONE Writing Assignment: Character Sketches
Having problems getting started?
Go people watching!
Watch your friends, your family and / or strangers and take notes about their face and body.
You can make-up their “waking-up” if necessary.
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36. PART TWO Writing Assignment: Solo Scenes
Now you are going to write a “solo scene” for each one of your characters. The character must be alone or in a situation in which there is no interaction with any other character. Use this writing to explore details of the character and establish physical interactions with the world that surround the character.
EXPLAIN THOROUGHLY! DO NOT ASSUME YOUR READER WILL KNOW WHAT YOU ARE TALKING ABOUT!
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37. Writing Assignment: Solo Scenes Place, Action Scene
Where do you see your character all alone? If one place is quickly obvious to you, write a short description of that place. If not, brainstorm a list of possibilities, writing down any places in which you can imagine this character. Then, select one of the spots and write a brief description (What does it look, sound, smell, feel, taste like?) of that place.
!!!!!!PROOFREAD!!!!!!
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38. Writing Assignment: Solo Scenes Place, Action Scene
Describe at least one action that the character can perform. These can be everyday tasks, chores, or activities. Note the details (as many as possible) of any action.
!!!!!!PROOFREAD!!!!!!
Scene
Write a solo scene for the character. Make all descriptions physical – avoid any writing about thoughts of the character. The viewer should be able to get a sense of what is going on WITHOUT the use of dialogue.
Only write what you can see!
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39. © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Summary
In Chapter 2, you investigated the initial developments of motion picture technology and the communicative discoveries of early filmmakers.
You studied devices such as the magic lantern, Kinetoscope, and cinematograph as well as the communicative advances of such filmmakers as Georges Méliès, G.A. Smith, Alice Guy Blaché, and Edwin S. Porter.
In the work of this unit, you are exploring the basics of cinematic narrative using visual sequences to articulate your thoughts, stories, and emotions. Like the early filmmakers, you can use sound as an expressive resource as you transmit ideas visually.
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