1. Integrated Approaches Across Focal Areas
Need for GEF to demonstrate sustainable outcomes in addressing global environmental issues across 6 focal areas.
Biosphere—issues are related (at global and local levels)
We need to indentify links between focal area programs and capture synergies to make interventions:
cost effective
achieve critical mass
More sustainable

2. However…
There is no systematic approach to incorporating interlinkages in GEF Project (or Program) design
Current levels of coordination across the GEF Portfolio within a geographic region (both within and between IAs) are weak, undermining achievement of critical mass
Thematic silos within GEF and IA programs/investment portfolios undermines integration into strategic development plans and sustainability of project level interventions

3. Actions
Develop a design tool to help incorporate linkages between focal areas
at program level, to break down silos
at project level to hard wire linkages into project design (see STAP tool)
Improve coordination of GEF projects across focal areas within a geographic region where potential synergies and value added are high
Capture these synergies in policy reform and governance arrangements to solidify links, improve outcomes and enhance sustainability.

4. STAP Design Tool
Apply a checklist in early stages of a project development designed to minimise negative effects and maximize positive effects of a project in one focal area on another
Example:
Ecosystem management in semi-arid lands
Positive effects on other focal areas:
CC: Increased carbon storage if project is successful
Reduced wind erosion can lead to decreased dust storms if large areas are planted
IW: Decreased sediment flow
Decreased fluctuations in seasonal flows and water erosion
Increased productivity of aquatic biota

5. Panel Discussion
IW & B linkages: Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System
IW & LD linkages: Reversing Land Degradation in the Upper Saban Yegua Project
IW and POPs: DDT Alternatives in Central America
IW & Climate Change: Global Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management Project

6. “Coral Reef Targeted Research and Capacity Building for Management”
GEF/WB TR Project
in support of
Science-based Management and Policy
Working Group on Bleaching and Climate Change

7. Four components Adaptive responses MECHANISMS OF THERMAL STRESS
ECOLOGICAL
MECHANISMS
AND OUTCOMES
BIOINDICATORS OF
CORAL STRESS
How fast and where is change occurring?
What is changing?
FUTURE CHANGE AND
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
IMPLICATIONS
Adaptive responses

8. Recovery Recovery Modulating factors Cell Organism Community
Coral and symbiont
tissue growth
Altered coral and
dinoflagellate
community
composition
Photosynthesis
Reproduction
and recruitment
Phase shift from
coral domination
Calcification
Coral net
photosynthesis
Reef morphology
(habitat complexity)
Host respiration
Skeleton
Growth
Reef accretion or
erosion rate
Thermal
stress
Dinoflagellate
respiration
Colony
integration
Disease
epidemics
Mortality
Nutrient cycling
(N,P, org/inorg)
Disease
susceptibility
Acute Loss of
Symbionts
(BLEACHING)
Reef metabolism
(oxygen, carbon
balance)
Modulating factors
Genetic factors
PAR
UVR
Nutrients
CO2 and alkalinity
Feeding
Environmental history
DNA damage
susceptibility
Symbiotic
integration
Dinoflagellate
Symbiont
Genotype change
Resistance to
other anthropogenic
disturbances
Changed
predation risk,
competitive ability
Changed geographic
distribution

9. Critical for planning responses and adaptation strategies
Economic/Social
Tourism
Fisheries
Why are we doing this?
Need to develop understanding of drivers in order to be able to develop more accurate future scenarios
Critical for planning responses and adaptation strategies