1. English Civil War
(aka The Wars in the Three Kingdoms)
1638 – 1660

2. Edinburgh

7. Roots & Causes of the Civil War
No. 1 cause =
The Stuart kings break cardinal rule of English politics:
DON’T TAX WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF PARLIAMENT!!!!

8. Other causes – i.e. The Stuarts
James I (r ) – this should be review
Divine Right of Kings: Tries to tax, assign peerage, and effect religion without Parliament
Also upsets Puritans – Militant English Calvinists (i.e. hard core Presbyterians) – by forcing Anglicanism (through Bible)
Charles I (r – 1649)
Unequivocally believes in Divine Right – has two goals
1. Wants to prove Protestantism
Does so by fighting wars on continent, which cost money
Parliament says, “OK,” but with stipulations – Petition of Rights
Charles gets pissed a dismisses Parliament, eventually for 11 years ( )
Also marries a Catholic – upsets Puritans, a lot

9. More Charles I 2. Wants to unite England, Scotland, and Ireland
Costs money which Charles has little of and thus he collects “a loan” (read: taxes without Parliament)
Plans to unite England under common Anglican faith; again upsets Puritans who are Presbyterians
Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud sets up special tribunals to hunt down dissenters
Subdues England by 1635 and with help of Thomas Wentworth – a “Catholic” noble – Catholic Ireland too
Turns to Scotland introducing new Book of Common Prayer; lead to riots in Scotland and formation of Scottish army
Wentworth suggests they use Irish Catholics to beat the Scottish; causes riots as England shows Protestant solidarity
Now, Charles needs money calls Short Parliament which taxes only if he gets rid of the “Catholic-lover” Wentworth
Wentworth executed, Irish Catholics feels unprotected and rebel
Three rebellions: Force Charles to again call Parliament

10. Long Parliament
Second Parliament called in 1640 is known as the Long Parliament
Have not forgotten grievances from 11 years before
Led by John Pym
King can only tax with consent of Parliament
Parliament elected every 3 years (Triennial Act)
Parliament must dissolve itself
Charles says “no”
Comes to a breaking point when Charles attempts to arrest key Parliament members and they hear about it and sneak out back door
Pym says, “clearly we need to defend ourselves from the king,” so Parliament starts to raise an army
Parliament makes one ridiculous last ditch effort called “19 Propositions” that the king rejects
Armies mobilize, civil war begins in full

11. Choosing sides
As with other civil wars, families and friends divided; Brits kill other Brits
General breakdown
Puritans, Calvinists, younger Anglicans with Parliament; Catholic and older school Anglicans with king
Commoners w/ Parliament; Aristocracy (nobility and rich people) with King
Southerners with King; Northerners with Parliament
Southern colonies with King; Northern colonies with Parliament

12. Thesis
Now, considering the information you just received, write a thesis explaining the reason(s) for the outbreak of the English Civil War.

13. Civil War King vs. Parliament (1642-1648)
King, Royalists, “Cavaliers” vs. Parliament, Puritans, “Roundheads”
Charles makes a series of military blunders for Cavaliers
Roundheads led by MP Oliver Cromwell
Won ALL battles that mattered
Revolutionized organization and discipline, creating New Model Army
Cavaliers surrendered (1646); Cromwell tries to align English values w/ Puritan and “create heaven on earth”
2nd Civil War: king and others think he is going too far; Charles escapes is again defeated and recaptured 1648
Parliament in charge as a “Republic”
Complete control with Cromwell at the head
Removed Royalists from 2nd Civil War creating rubber stamp “Rump Parliament” meets until 1660
Charles I
surrendered, tried, executed (January 30, 1649)

15. Ultimate Result of War:
There will never be an English absolute monarch
Argument between liberty and obedience—Locke and Hobbes—that reverberates today