1. Classifying Matter
CHAPTER 2

2. Matter: substance that has mass and takes up space
What is matter?
Matter: substance that has mass and takes up space

3. States of Matter Phase Volume Shape Structure SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA
Definite
Definite
Definite
Indefinite
Indefinite
Indefinite
Indefinite
Indefinite
Draw an arrow next to the table above in the order of increasing energy.

4. Three States of Matter
Plasma

5. Water in Three States
Remember, because of the arrangement of the particles
liquid water is more dense than solid water (ice)

6. Phase Changes

7. Sublimation Melting Boiling Freezing Condensation Deposition
Phase Changes
Sublimation
Melting
Boiling
liquid
gas
solid
Freezing
Condensation
Deposition

8. Phase Diagrams
phase diagram: graph that shows the relationship between phase of matter and the temperature and pressure of the substance.
Used to identify boiling point/freezing point at any pressure

9. Three Imporant Lines Liquid-gas phase changes:
Liquid-solid phase changes:
Solid-gas phase changes:

10. Two Important Points
Triple Point: where all three lines meet, a specific temperature and pressure where all three phases exist at the same time

11. Triple Point Video

12. Two Important Points
Critical Point: a specific temperature and pressure where the gas can no longer be turned into a liquid, above this point a substance becomes a supercritical fluid

13. “Normal” Conditions
Occur at standard atmospheric pressure: 1 atm or kPa
To identify the normal boiling point of a substance: Locate the line between liquid and gas, and identify the temperature at 101 kPa __________________
To identify the normal freezing point of a substance: Locate the line between liquid and solid, and identify the temperature at 101 kPa __________________

14. Practice

15. Classifying Matter

16. Matter
Pure Substance
-definite composition -cannot be physically separated
Element
-one type of atom
Compound
-two or more types of atoms chemically bonded
Mixture
-two or more varying parts -can be physically separated
Homogeneous
-evenly distributed -uniform properties
Solution
-very small particles
-light passes through
Heterogeneous
-unevenly distributed -varying composition
Suspension
-large visible particles
-particles settle out
-blocks light
Colloid
-unevenly suspended particles
-shows a visible beam of light (positive Tyndall Effect)

17. How do you classify matter?
If it is a pure substance:
fixed composition
exact chemical formula
If it is a mixture:
varying composition
combined physically
can be separated physically

18. How do you know if something is an element?
chemical formula shows only one type of atom
How do you know if something is a compound?
chemical formula shows two or more elements combined

19. Homogeneous OR Heterogeneous?
Homogenous mixture
– composition of the mixture is the same throughout.
Examples: soda, KoolAid
Heterogeneous mixture
– composition is unevenly distributed throughout.
Examples: cookie dough ice cream, iron filings in sand

20. Tyndall Effect
Scattering of light beam caused by the reflection from suspended particle
If the light passes through the mixture with no visible beam, then the mixture is a SOLUTION
If a mixture settles out and blocks the light, then it is a SUSPENSION
If a mixture does not settle and shows a beam of light through it (positive tyndall effect), then it is a COLLOID

21. How do you know if it is a Solution?
Uniformly Mixed
One substance is dissolved in another
solute: part of the mixture that gets dissolved
solvent: part of the mixture that does the dissolving
Tyndall Effect:

22. How do you know if it is a Suspension?
Particles settle out
Tyndall Effect:

23. How do you know if it is a Colloid?
Particles unevenly distributed throughout
Shows a beam of light
Tyndall Effect:

24. Hom/Het? Soln/Susp/Coll?
Fog ____________ ___________
Paint ____________ _________
Syrup ____________ ___________
Colloid: yogurt

25. Particle View of Matter

26. Draw particles on note sheet.

27. Examples

28. Methods of Separation

29. Physical means: it can be separated into its pure components.
magnet

30. Methods of Separation Techniques: Evaporation Strainer Centrifuge
PASTA/WATER
SAND/IRON FILINGS
Techniques:
Strainer
Filtration
Physical
SALT /WATER
SAND/WATER
Evaporation
Centrifuge
Distillation
BLOOD
FOOD COLORING/WATER
Switch examples!
Centrifuge – washing machine

31. The Distillation Set Up

32. Petroleum Refining What is Petroleum? Pumped from underground
Known as crude oil or “black gold”
Greenish-brown to black color
Thin as water or thick as soft tar
Made up of HYDROCARBONS (compounds made of Hydrogen and Carbon atoms ONLY)
Can be separated using FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION

33. The separation of liquid substances according to their differing boiling points is called distillation.

34. Distillation Animation
During distillation, the vaporized molecules move upward in the distilling column. The smaller, lighter molecules have the lowest boiling points and either condense high in the column or drawn off the top of the tower as gases.
Distillation Animation

35. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES

36. Physical Properties and Changes
physical property: characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.
melting point, boiling point, density
physical change: change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance.
dissolving, cutting, melting, and boiling

37. Chemical Properties and Changes
chemical property: a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances
Example: combustibility, reactivity
chemical change: change in which one or more substances are converted into different substance
Example: rusting, cooking food

38. Evidence of a Chemical Change
Color change
Temperature change
Production of a gas
Change in odor
Formation of a precipitate
Precipitate: insoluble solid that separates out of solution

39. Solubility and Phase changes are PHYSICAL!!!!
NOTE:
Solubility and Phase changes are PHYSICAL!!!!