1. Monosaccharide: 1- Triose: C3(H2O)3 or C3H6O3
• Carbohydrate that can not be hydrolyzed into simple form, they may be sub divided according to the no. of carbon atom into:
1- Triose: C3(H2O)3 or C3H6O3
2- Tetrose: C4(H2O)4 or C4H8O4
3- Pentose: C5(H2O)5 or C5H10O5
4- Hexose: C6(H2O)6 or C6H12O6
The ending OSE means the sugar.

2. • It depend whether aldehyde or ketone group is present.
• Monosaccharide can be classified according to the kind of carbonyl group.
• It depend whether aldehyde or ketone group is present.
We can tell both how many carbon atoms are present and the kind of carbonyl group in a monosaccharide by combining them into one word.
For example:
1- Aldo hexose: it mean 6 carbon sugar, with aldehyde.
2- Keto pentose: it mean 5 carbon sugar, with ketone.

3. Glycerose or aldotriose
It is aldotriose, glyceraldehyde or glycerose, or ketotriose, dihydroxyacetone.
CH2OH
C = O
Dihydroxy acetone
Keto triose
CHO
H C OH
CH2OH
Glycer aldehyde
Glycerose or aldotriose

4. • Glycerose and dihydroxy acetone sugar are isomers of monosaccharide.
• Glycerose are the smallest molecule that can be classed as carbohydrate.
• They are called (parent sugar) because they are present in every living cell as intermediate product.
• Glycerose and dihydroxy acetone sugar are isomers of monosaccharide.
ISOMERS: compound have similar carbon atom but different in configuration.

5. 2- Tetrose: C4(H2O)4
CHO
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
(Have no importance)

6. The important members of pentose sugar are:
3- Pentose: C5(H2O)5
The important members of pentose sugar are:
ribose, ribulose, arabinose, xylose, lyxose,
deoxy ribose.
CH2OH
C = O
H C OH
(Ribulose)
CHO
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
(Arabinose)
CHO
H C OH
CH2OH
(Ribose)

7. CHO
HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
CH2OH
(Lyxose)
CHO
H C H
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
(Deoxyribose)
CHO
H C OH
HO C H
H C OH
CH2OH
(Xylose)

8. Ribose: it is present in nucleic acid.
Ribulose: it is intermediate product in pentose phosphate pathway.
Arabinose: present in gum Arabic.
Xylose: found in wood gum.
Lyxose: present in heart muscle.
Deoxy ribose: present in nucleic acid.

10. • The source of glucose from:
4- Hexose: 6C
The important isomers of hexose sugar are:
Glucose, fructose, galactose and mannose.
CHO
H C OH
HO C H
CH2OH
(Glucose)
1- Glucose: C6H12O6
• The source of glucose from:
1- Fruit sugar.
2- Hydrolysis of starch.
3- Cane sugar.

12. • The important of glucose, it is the sugar of the body
• The important of glucose, it is the sugar of the body. The sugar carried by the blood, it is supply the body with the required amount of energy at anytime.
• More of half energy of the body provided by oxidation of glucose to CO2 & H2O.
• When the value of glucose in blood decrease, headache will occur.
• If the value decrease to 40 mg % or lesser, comma take place and the case called hypoglycemia.
• When the value of glucose in blood increase to more than 120 mg % the case called hyperglycemia.

13. • If glucose appear in the urine the case is called diabetes mellitus.
• Liver remove glucose from blood by combining many molecule to form glycogen which is stored in liver • In the mammary gland, glucose is converted to galactose, then a molecule of galactose is combine with a molecule of glucose to form lactose which is milk sugar.
• The normal range of glucose in the body is ) %(.
• Glucose is the most important carbohydrate in mammalian
biochemistry because nearly all carbohydratein food is converted to glucose for metabolism.
• Glucose, with four asymmetric carbon atoms, can form
16 isomers.

17. Thank You