1. Madison’s Administration & The War of 1812

2. Election of 1808
Madison (DR) widely viewed as pre-eminent American political philosopher
Wrote Constitution, some of Federalist Papers
Jefferson’s Sec. of State, Dem-Rep. party leader
On other hand, poor speaker, stubborn, not Jefferson
Jefferson’s blessing enabled another DR presidential victory in 1808 election
However, problems leftover from Jefferson’s tenure still not resolved

3. James Madison
4th President

4. Commercial Warfare
Madison’s tenure dominated by economic/political turmoil
Like Jefferson, attempted diplomacy/economic pressure to stay out of Napoleonic Conflicts
Unlike Jefferson, he failed
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 – effort to resolve Jefferson’s effect on economy, allowed trade w/Europe except w/UK + France
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) – proposal to drop boycott of either France OR Britain, whichever refrained from attacking American shipping FIRST
Napoleon obliged, knowing that it would draw US into war w/UK
Britain’s policy of attacking American commerce heading to Europe/France known as “Orders in Council” obliged Britain to attack American shipping

5. War of 1812: Causes “Mr. Madison’s War” had 3 primary causes
1. Frontier Pressures
Settlers pushing Indians further westward, continually wanting more land controlled by British-backed natives (including British Canada and Spanish Florida) since the Treaty of Paris (1783)
“Cut up every Indian cornfield and burn every Indian town” – SC congressman
1795 Treaty of Greenville signed under duress, chiefs consented to white migration
Lewis & Clark expedition sparked more interest in new territory
Migration from NE to NY, KY, TN, etc. in the hundreds of thousands
Tecumseh (warrior) and Prophet (Tenskatawa- religious leader)
Shawnee brothers trying to unite Indians east of Mississippi R.
Tenskwatawa has vision that Indians must return to traditional culture
Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
William Henry Harrison attacked and defeated Indian stronghold
British had minimally backed Tecumseh’s union, thus allowing American settlers to justify war with British in Canada and Trans-Appalachia

6. Tecumseh’s Confederation
Theme: Indian Resistance
Pope’s Rebellion
Pequot War/King Phillip’s War
French and Indian War
Tecumseh’s Confederation
More to follow…
Eventually this will be a CCOT
“Where today are the Pequot? Where are the Narragansett, the Mochican, the Pocanet, and other powerful tribes of our people? They have vanished before the avarice and oppression of the white man ... Sleep not longer, O Choctaws and Chickasaws ... Will not the bones of our dead be plowed up, and their graves turned into plowed fields?”

7. Describe the POV of the image above.
Analyze both the cause and effect of the image.

8. War of 1812: Causes (cont’d)
2. Commercial strife (continuing from earlier)
Impressment by British still occurring, Macon’s Bill No. 2
3. War Hawks
1810 congressional election had brought new DR leaders from frontier states into Congress
John C. Calhoun (SC), Henry Clay (KY)
These “War Hawks” argued that the only way to gain control of Indian land, end impressment, “defend honor” was WAR
Madison forced to declare war again w/Britain
Ironically, word that Britain had suspended Orders in Council/Impressment reached White House after war declared … no going back.

9. War of 1812 War of 1812 split the nation, politically
Northerners/Federalists did not support “Mr. Madison’s War” for territory
Nation became increasingly divided by North/South + West lines - seeds of sectionalism
Madison won reelection in 1812, while anti-war congressional candidates elected in Northeast

10. War of 1812: Events Sequence of events
Invasion of Canada, 1812 > disastrous
Naval Battles > Constitution makes a name for the US Navy, Oliver Hazard Perry defeated British on Lake Erie (1813) coincided w/ Tecumseh's death in battle
British Invasion > Napoleon’s defeat in 1814 allowed British to invade Chesapeake, burn White House, Battle at Fort McHenry (Star-Spangled Banner)
Andrew Jackson makes name > Battle of Horseshoe Bend, Battle of New Orleans... won 2 weeks AFTER war was technically over
Treaty of Ghent > signed in 1814, didn’t resolve issues, reset Canadian boundary, war was essentially a stalemate
Hartford Convention > 1814 (called as Ghent and New Orleans were underway)
Radical federalists disapproved of war, held convention in CT
Wanted to amend Constitution’s rules for declaring war OR secede
News of New Orleans/Treaty of Ghent made Federalists look unpatriotic, sealed their fate once and for all

11. War of 1812: Legacy
US gained respect of Europe after surviving another war w/ Britain
US accepted British Canada as neighbor
Federalism declined as a political faction
Talk of nullification and secession in NE set a precedent for the Southern states during the 1850s/60s
Abandoned by the British, Native Americans were forced to surrender to American settlement
British still blockading, industrial self-sufficiency emerging in North
Nationalism built around a new generation of western politicians like Andrew Jackson, William Henry Harrison, Henry Clay – seeds planted for Manifest Destiny rather than relationships with Europe

12. Review SAQ Answer both a and b.
Choose ONE of the choices below, and explain why your choice best demonstrates how Presidents Jefferson and Madison largely relied on economic policies to carry out their foreign policies.
Louisiana Purchase
Embargo Act
Macon’s Bill No. 2
Contrast your choice against ONE of the other options, demonstrating why that option is not as good as your choice.