1. The Age of Imperialism (1800–1914)
Lesson 3 Europe and the Muslim World

2. The Age of Imperialism (1800–1914)
Lesson 3 Europe and the Muslim World
Learning Objectives
Explain how internal and external pressures shaped the Muslim world.
Identify the challenges facing the Ottoman empire and Persia.
Describe the ways Egypt tried to modernize, including the opening of the Suez Canal.

3. The Age of Imperialism (1800–1914)
Lesson 3 Europe and the Muslim World
Key Terms
Muhammad Ahmad
Mahdi
pashas,
sultans,
Genocide
Muhammad Ali,
concessions,

4. Unrest in Muslim Regions
In 1800, the Muslim world extended from North Africa to Southeast Asia. Much of this world was ruled by three giant Muslim empires––the Ottomans in the Middle East, the Mughals in India, and the Safavids (sah FAH vidz) in Persia. By this time, however, all three empires were in decline.

5. Unrest in Muslim Regions
Declining Empires
Muslim Reform Efforts
Some called for stricter religious piety- conservatives
Others wanted democratic reforms- liberals
Conservative groups
Muhammad Ahmad- Mahdi
Wahhabi
Government should push goals of Islam
European Imperialism
Forced favorable treaties on Muslim lands
Interfered in affairs and took over whole regions

6. Unrest in Muslim Regions
During the Battle of the Pyramids in 1798, Napoleon and his army captured the Egyptian city of Cairo.

7. Unrest in Muslim Regions
Analyze Maps Western imperialism gained steam at a time when the three major Muslim empires were in decline. In which empire might ethnic diversity have created internal challenges? Why?

8. The Ottoman Empire Declines
At its height, the Ottoman empire extended across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Eastern Europe. By 1800, however, it faced serious challenges. Ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their power. Economic problems and corruption added to Ottoman decay.

9. The Ottoman Empire Declines
Nationalist Revolts
Pashas- local rulers exerting more control
Nationalism- people under empire wanted out
sick man of Europe
Increasing European Pressure
Efforts to Westernize
Modernize military and govt
Conservatives didn’t like changes
The Young Turks
Overthrew the Sultan
Reform empire to save it, WWI ruined plan
Armenian Genocide
Feared Christian Armenians would try to break away
possibly a million killed

10. The Ottoman Empire Declines
Midhat Pasha served as both governor of Bulgaria and Baghdad in the Ottoman empire. In 1876, he led a revolt that overthrew the sultan in Baghdad.

11. Modernization in Egypt
Egypt in 1800 was a semi-independent province of the Ottoman empire. In the early 1800s, it made great strides toward reform. Its success was due to Muhammad Ali, an Albanian Muslim soldier who was appointed governor of Egypt in Ali had helped to oust the French from Egypt. They were remnants of Napoleon's forces that had occupied the land for several years. The French occupation had disrupted Egypt's traditional government, which gave Muhammad Ali an opportunity to remake Egypt.

12. Modernization in Egypt
Reform Efforts
Muhammad Ali- founder of modern Egypt
Modernized the country
The Suez Canal
Ferdinand de Lesseps
Opened in 1869 connecting Med. Sea and Red Sea
No longer sail around Africa
Becoming a British Protectorate
1882, GB made Egypt a protectorate to protect their own interests

13. Modernization in Egypt
Muhammad Ali, the Ottoman governor of Egypt, sought to make Egypt a modern state.

14. European Imperialism in Persia
Like the Ottoman empire, Persia faced major challenges in the 1800s. At first, the Qajar (kah JAHR) shahs, who ruled Persia from 1794 to 1925, exercised absolute power like the Safavids before them. Still, they did take steps to introduce reforms. The government improved finances and sponsored the building of railroads and telegraph lines. By the early 1900s, it was even experimenting with liberal reforms.

15. European Imperialism in Persia
The Great Game
GB and Russia competed for influence in region
Russian taking north and Britain the South
Both wanted Persian oil fields
Tensions Within Persia
Had to make concessions to pay their debts
Europeans exploited
Eventually conflict between Moderates and Conservatives in the country

16. European Imperialism in Persia
Overthrown in 1925, Ahmad Shah Qajar was the last Qajar shah to rule Persia.

17. Quiz: Unrest in Muslim Regions
What is one way that Western powers gained the upper hand in Muslim regions of the world?
A. by imposing heavy taxes on non-Christians
B. by forcing Muslims to convert to Christianity
C. by sending troops to protect their interests
D. by establishing colonies but giving Muslim regions control over local affairs

18. Quiz: The Ottoman Empire Declines
How were efforts to Westernize problematic for the Ottoman empire?
A. They were incredibly costly and significantly increased taxes.
B. Adoption of Western styles of government led to resentment of foreign influence and increased tensions.
C. They were unpopular with the majority of people and ineffective.
D. They led to violent uprisings and militant extremist influences.

19. Quiz: Modernization in Egypt
How did Egypt fall under British control?
A. Egyptian nationalists aided the British military.
B. Britain conquered Egypt through military conquest.
C. Egyptian nationalists refused to pay back British loans.
D. Britain expanded its economic influence and then made Egypt a protectorate.

20. Quiz: European Imperialism in Persia
For what reason did Persia attract foreign interest in the early 1900s?
A. Oil was discovered in Persia.
B. Persia offered very favorable trade agreements.
C. There were no taxes in Persia in the early 1900s.
D. Persia had a multitude of untapped natural resources.