1. Industrialization & Global integration c. 1750 C.E. to c. 1900 c.e.
AP WORLD HISTORY ERA #5

2. 5.1 industrialization & global capitalism
I. Industrialization fundamentally changed how good were produced: Development of machines, including steam engines & the internal combustion engine made possible w/ energy stored in fossil fuels
II. New patterns of global trade & production developed & further integrated the global economies as industrialists sought raw materials & new markets for the increasing amount & array of goods produced in their factories: Cotton grown in Egypt, S. Asia, & N. America and exported to Great Britain and manufactured into textiles
III. To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed & expanded various financial institutions: Stock markets, insurance, gold standard & limited-liability corporations
IV. There were major developments & innovations in transportation & communication: Railroads, steamships, telegraphs & canals
V. The development & spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses: Economic reforms of Meiji Japan, development of factories & railroads in Tsarist Russia, & Muhammad Ali’s development of cotton textile industry in Egypt
VI. The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations in industrialized states due to the restructuring of the global economy: New social classes like the industrial working class / Rapid urbanization / women & children working in factories

3. 5.2 imperialism & nation-state formation
I. Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires: Great Britain “the empire in which the sun never sets”
II. Starting in the 18th century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, & territory: Expansion of U.S. & Russia / Euro. influence over Tokugawa Japan / Indian Sepoy Rebellion of 1857
III. In some imperial societies, emerging cultural, religious, & racial ideologies were used to justify imperialism: Social Darwinism

4. 5.3 nationalism, revolution, & reform
I. The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often proceeded revolutions & rebellions against existing governments: American Declaration of Independence, the French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen, & Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter
II. Beginning in the 18th century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality based on language, religion, social customs, & territory. These newly imagined national communities linked this identity w/ the borders of the state while govts. used this idea of nationalism to unite diverse populations. In some cases, nationalists challenged boundaries or sought unification of fragmented regions: German nationalism, Italian nationalism
III. Increasing discontent w/ imperial rule propelled reformist & revolutionary movements: Taipings to the Manchus of Qing dynasty, N. American slave resistance, Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement in S. Africa
IV. Global spread of Euro. political & social thought & the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies & solidarities: Olympe de Gouge’s Declaration of the Rights of Women & the Female Citizen, Seneca Falls Conference in 1848

5. 5.4 global migration
I. Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demographics in both industrialized & unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living: Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
II. Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons: Indian indentured servitude in S. Africa
III. The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the 19th century, produced a variety of consequences & reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants & the existing populations: Italians & Irish enclaves in N. America / The Chinese Exclusion Act