1. Learning Intention To understand what a biome is
To be able to give examples of biomes

2. What is a biome? The world is divided into biomes
Each biome determined by the CLIMATE and the PLANTS and ANIMALS living and growing there.

3. Why is the climate important for determining the animals and plants?
THINK
Why is the climate important for determining the animals and plants?

4. Can these survive in the Sahara desert?

6. Task
Use the table on page 151 and make notes in your jotters about the 4 biomes which have been given

7. Task
Use the information sheets provided and make a poster which has a drawings and descriptions of your chosen biome on.

8. Learning Intention
To learn about ecosystems, habitats, populations, species
To discuss biotic and abiotic factors

9. Ecological Vocabulary
ECOSYSTEM A natural biological unit composed of a collection of both living and non-living components. Eg: An ocean

10. Ecological Vocabulary
Biodiversity The number and abundance of different species.

11. Ecological Vocabulary
Species A group of organisms that produce fertile young when they reproduce

12. Ecological Vocabulary
Community All the animals and plants (different species) living in an ecosystem

13. Ecological Vocabulary
Habitat The place where organisms live Eg: A sea anemone

14. Ecological Vocabulary
Niche The role of an organism within its community in an ecosystem

15. Recap: Biomes Different ECOLOGICAL areas- distinct characteristics
Called Biomes.
Each biome has:
-communities of animals (fauna)
- plants (flora)
Fauna and flora have ADAPTED to survive in biome

17. Biomes & Abiotic Factors
Biomes are different based on non-living factors
ABIOTIC factors
pH, Light intensity, oxygen concentration, moisture levels, rainfall, temperature

18. Abiotic Factors: pH and Temperature
Affects type of plants that grow
Can affect fish/aquatic animals

19. Abiotic Factors: pH and Acid Rain
Damages plants/trees
Makes soil Acidic
Devastating effect on aquatic animals

20. Abiotic Factors: Temperature and thermal pollution
Electric power stations use river water as coolant
Water returned warmer
Increase temp, decrease oxygen
Decrease of fish

21. Abiotic Factors (copy)
Abiotic Factors:- non living factors which affects ecosystems Examples include: Temperature, rainfall, pH and light intensity

22. Biomes: Biotic Factors
Other LIVING factors affect distribution of Biomes
BIOTIC FACTORS- direct result of living things
Amount of food, number of predators, competition, disease

23. Biotic Factors: Food availability
Producers/ consumers
Herbivore, Omnivore, Carnivore
Barnacle geese summer vs winter

24. Biotic Factors: Competition
Between organisms who both use same (limited) resources
Animals:- food, water, habitat
-Red Squirrel Vs Grey squirrel
Plants:- light, water, space
-Redwood trees

25. Biotic Factors: Disease
Viruses, bacteria, fungi
Parasitism
Organisms weak- unable to feed/reproduce/ survive
More susceptible to attack

26. Biotic Factors (copy)
Biotic Factors:- Living factors which affect ecosystems Examples Include:- Availability of food, Competition and disease

27. Biotic Factors: Grazing
Affects species diversity in grassland
Grassland- rich variety (normally)
- some types vigorous, some delicate
Unselective grazers (rabbits)
Low grazing- dominant plants not held in check
Increase- resources for smaller, delicate plants
High- diversity decreases

28. Grazing (copy) Grazing is a biotic factor which affects biodiversity.
If a particular area is under-grazed, the biodiversity is decreased because dominant plants smother the less dominant plants which stops them from growing; this results in fewer plant species.
If an area is over-grazed, the biodiversity is also reduced because all plants are being grazed; some may be wiped out therefore reducing diversity.
If an area is moderately grazed, this can increase the biodiversity because dominant plants are kept in check by grazers thus allowing more delicate plants to flourish.

29. Biotic Factors: Predation
Affects predator and prey
Predator = carnivore, Prey = herbivore/smaller carnivore
Balance between both predator and prey

30. Predation (copy)
Predation is a biotic factor which can also affect the biodiversity.
Predators can be responsible for keeping populations of prey in check, and thus allow an increase in biodiversity.
If predators are reduced or removed, the prey then increase in numbers and so this can lead to over-grazing and a reduction in the number of plant species.
There is a fine balance between numbers of predators and prey.
As the number of prey increase, so does the number of predators as they have more food to eat. This results in a reduction in prey numbers.
As number of prey fall so does the number of predators as their food supply is limited.

31. Textbook Questions
Page 156, questions 1-3

32. Lesson Starter
What is the meaning of a) abiotic factors b) Biotic factors and give examples of each.
Describe the effect of grazing at a) low level b) high level c) very high level on biodiversity.
Describe the relationship between predators and prey

33. Learning Intention To learn about food chains To learn about food webs
To understand the effect on food webs if one link is removed

34. Energy All organisms require energy.
This energy comes, initially, from the sun.
It is trapped by green plants by photosynthesis.
This energy is then passed from organism to organism along the food chain.

35. Food Chains Grass Rabbit Fox
Food chains show which organisms eat other organisms
Grass Rabbit Fox
The arrows show the transfer of energy from one organism to the next.

36. Food Chains
Producers - organisms which can make their own energy from carbon dioxide and water using sunlight for energy (plants)
Primary consumer - organisms which eat producers (herbivores)
Secondary consumers - organisms which eat primary consumers (carnivores)
Tertiary consumers - organisms which eat secondary consumers (carnivores)

37. Tertiary Consumer (Carnivore)
Food Chains
Grass Rabbit Fox Eagle
Secondary Consumer
(Carnivore)
Tertiary Consumer (Carnivore)
Producer
Primary
Consumer
(Herbivore)

38. Trophic Levels Each level= trophic level
Start with producer (first trophic level)

39. Food Chains (copy)
All organisms require energy to survive. The energy comes from the sun and is trapped by green plants during photosynthesis. The energy is the passed on along a food chain.
All food chains begin with a producer (green plant). Primary consumers eat producers. Secondary consumers eat the primary consumers. Tertiary consumers eat the secondary consumers and so on.
Each level of the food chain is called a trophic level

40. Task
Write down 3 examples of food chains with at least 4 trophic levels.
Label the producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer and tertiary consumer
Label which animals are herbivores and which are carnivores

41. Energy in Food chains
Each time an organism is eaten, energy passes along the food chain.
The arrows indicate the direction of the energy flow.
This passing of energy is represented by arrows:
Grass Rabbit Fox Eagle
90% of energy is lost, each level gains only 10% from previous

42. Energy loss in Food chains
The lost energy is lost as:
Heat
Movement
Undigested materials.

43. Energy loss in Food Chains (copy)
The arrows in a food chain represent the passing of energy.
Each trophic level gains only 10% of energy from the previous trophic level.
Energy is lost in food chains as: Heat, Movement and in Undigested Materials.
Grass Rabbit Fox Eagle
100,000 kj
10,000 kj
100 kj
1,000 kj

44. Task- Copy and Complete
Sunflower Insect Mouse Barn Owl
(170,00 kj)
2. Corn Locust Lizard Snake
(250,000kj)
3. Grass Snail Lizard Snake Eagle Cougar
(1,000,000kj)

45. Combination of food chains= FOOD WEB
Food Webs
Combination of food chains= FOOD WEB
What producers are present in the food web?
How many different food chains are interlinked?

46. Food web (copy)

47. What are the producers?
How many food chains can you find?
Which animal(s) are OMNIVORES?

48. 1. What will happen to the number of clown fish if the sharks become vegetarian?
2. What effect will this have on the number of zooplankton?
3. What will happen to the Blue Regal fish if a disease wipes out the small invertebrates.

49. What happens to the ecosystem when:
Food webs
What happens to the ecosystem when:
Hawks are removed
Grasshoppers are removed
Mice are removed

50. Food Webs (copy)
The balance in a food web is disturbed if one species is removed.
The fewer links there are in the food chain, the more severe the consequence.
More links in a food chain means the consequence isn’t as severe.
Removing links from food webs results in competition for food between animals of the same species (intraspecific competition) and animals of different species (interspecific competition)

51. Glossary Words Predation Grazing Producer Consumer Herbivore Omnivore
Carnivore
Interspecific Competition
Intraspecific Competition

52. Lesson Starter

53. Learning Intention

54. Pyramids of numbers
Food chains give feeding RELATIONSHIPS but no numbers
In food chains, number of organisms should decrease with each trophic level
Producer= highest

55. Pyramids of numbers Each level represents total population of organism
Numbers decrease as energy is lost

56. Pyramids of numbers (copy)
Food chains give us the feeding relationships between the different organisms, but they don’t provide any information about numbers.
Each level represents the total population of each organism in the food chain.
As we travel further is the food chain, numbers decrease as energy is lost.

57. Irregular Pyramids

58. Irregular Pyramids (copy)
Sometimes the pyramid of numbers doesn't look like a pyramid at all. This could happen if the producer is a large plant such as a tree, or if one of the animals is very small.
Eg. An oak tree is very large so many insects can feed on it or Fleas are very small and lots of them can feed on a Fox.

59. Pyramid Of Biomass
Pyramids of numbers- not best way to represent feeding relationships
Pyramid of BIOMASS
Each level of food chain represented by MASS

60. Pyramid Of Biomass (copy)
Pyramids of BIOMASS are used to give a better representation of feeding relationships. Each level of the food chain represents the MASS of the organism.

61. Pyramid of Energy Most reliable- feeding relationships
Measured as kilojoules per square metre per year (kJ/m2/year).
Energy lost at each stage:- pyramid formed must be true.

62. Pyramid of Energy (copy)
The most reliable way of showing feeding relationships is to use a pyramid of energy.
It is measured as kilojoules per square metre per year (kJ/m2/year).
Since energy is lost at each stage, the pyramid formed must be true.