1. Critique of Health Research involving Aboriginal PeopleBy
Taiwo Olubanwo
Nov. 26th, 2014

2. CONTENTS Abstract Introduction
View disparities between Western and Aboriginal
‘Helicopter’ Approach in Research
OCAP Principles
CIHR and Revised CIHR
KT and AKT
Summary and Conclusion
Critical Thinking Questions?

3. ABSTRACT
This presentation is based on the critique of a research paper titled, “A Clash of Paradigms? Western and Indigenous views on health research involving Aboriginal Peoples” by Campbell TD (2014).
As handed out...

4. introduction
This presentation will focus on the view disparity that exist between the Western and Indigenous people on Health research, their respective approach and solution for both views:
Also, analysis of a paper written on same subject by Campbell (2014) will be considered by addressing the following key points (see next slide)
Health research involving aboriginal is a systematic process in which knowledge is generated as a result of answers related to health issues in the aboriginal communities.

5. KEY POINTS View disparity on Indigenous Health research:
-Aboriginal view
-Western view
‘Helicopter’ Research
OCAP
CIHR and Revised CIHR
KT and AKT
The purpose of critiquing the paper written by Campbell (2014) on Aboriginal Health research is to validate the feasibility of the work by focusing on the strength, Weakness, Limitations, and the quality of the research using other scholarly article and expert’s view on same subject.

6. VIEW DISPARITIES?
What could make a Community have a conflict with a researcher working with them?
Answer: Many reasons…however, conflict of views is one as:
Aboriginal view the goal of Indigenous health research as Self determination.
The Western world goal is focused on knowledge creation saddled towards policy development (Smith, 2005 as cited by Campbell, 2014).

7. ‘Helicopter Approach’ ? ? ?
Aboriginal people view health researchers that come and go without involving them in the research methodologies that involves their community as ‘Helicopter Approach’ – this leads to distrust and eventually form the rationale behind the development of OCAP, as they believe that the researchers are not working in the interest of the indigenous people (Campbell, 2014).
Aboriginal people view health researchers that come and go without involving them in the research methodologies that involves their community as ‘Helicopter Approach’ – this leads to distrust and eventually form the rationale behind the development of OCAP, as they believe that the researchers are not working in the interest of the indigenous people (Campbell, 2014).

8. OCAP Principle
The Aboriginal Stakeholders developed OCAP in view of managing their data and information.
O – Ownership
C – Control
A – Access
P – Possession
What is OCAP main Goal / Legacy?
OCAP main focus is about doing Indigenous community based health research in their own way by considering their traditions and ethics and same research should be done by those grounded in their culture (OCAP, 2007).

9. OCAP GOAL / LEGACY?
“OCAP main goal and legacy is saddled towards conducting health research in Aboriginal community by a First Nation in First Nation way” (OCAP, 2007).
But is this the best solution to their concerns? If yes, why? If no, why?
It is believed by Aboriginal stakeholders that their Community health research will be beneficial to them if an individual or group of people grounded in their Ethics, Culture, Traditions and beliefs conduct same as their view will be concisely considered in the research methodologies (OCAP, 2007)

10. What is the function of CIHR in Canada?
CIHR: is Canada’s federal funding agency for health research.
They are composed of 13 Institutes.
They provides leadership and support to more than 13,200 health researchers and trainees across Canada.
In view of the consideration of the ethics and the tradition of the First Nations coupled with the inclusion of scientific goal of health research involving them, CIHR governing body with the collaborative effort of the Aboriginal stakeholders revised the Chapter 9 of CIHR guidelines in 2007 (Flicker and Worthington, 2012).

11. REVISED CIHR
In view of incorporating Aboriginal’s ethics, culture and traditions in health research concerning their community without loosing focus on the scientific goal of health research, CIHR governing body in collaboration with the Aboriginal stakeholders revised the Chapter 9 of CIHR guidelines in (Flicker and Worthington, 2012).
For example: below ‘short video’ shows Aboriginal inclusion in collaboration with CIHR on health research journalism:

12. AKT ?
Other experts supported Campbell (2014) by asserting the importance of Aboriginal inclusion and rebuilding trust through:
Knowledge Translation, KT?
Aboriginal Knowledge Translation, AKT ?
(Estey, Smiley and Macaulay, 2009).
Knowledge Translation, KT according to Graham and Tetroe (2007) implies that Knowledge derived from health research is shared among the beneficiary in a simple manner. Also, AKT focuses on interpreting the outcome of research involving Aboriginal to them in a simplified form (Estey et al., 2009).

13. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
See board for diagrammatic expression of summary-
One of the most pertinent and expected outcome of health research is to benefit the scientific community especially in the area of health promotion – in view of ascertaining the effectiveness and feasibility of the research outcome in clinical practice, inclusion, trust, and recognition of the community in the methodologies can not be overemphasized.

14. QUESTIONS?
What could impair the relationship between a Community and Researcher working with them? answered
Why would a Researcher overlook Community's ethics and/or inclusion in research methodologies?
What is the effect of not including the Community?
How could relationship be strengthened between a researcher and the community of studies?
Any Question or Comment?
One of the most pertinent and expected outcome of health research is to benefit the scientific community especially in the area of Health promotion, hence trust, inclusion, and recognition of the community impute in the methodologies will go a long way in ascertaining the effectiveness and feasibility of the research work.

15. References
Campbell, T. (2014). A clash of paradigms? Western and indigenous views on health research involving Aboriginal peoples. Nurse Researcher, 21(6), Estey E., Smylie J., & Macaulay A. (2009). “Aboriginal Knowledge Translation: Understanding and respecting the distinct needs of Aboriginal communities in research” for the CIHR - Institute of Aboriginal Peoples' Health, p3, 4. Flicker, S., & Worthington, C. (2012). Public health research involving aboriginal peoples: research ethics board stakeholders' reflections on ethics principles and research processes. Canadian Journal Of Public Health, 103(1), (21) Graham, I., & Tetroe, J. (2007). How to translate health research knowledge into effective healthcare action. Healthcare Quarterly, 10(3), Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). (2010). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Straus, S. E., Tetroe, J., & Graham, I. D. (2009). Knowledge translation in health care: moving from evidence to practice. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell/BMJ

16. reference
OCAP ownership, control, access and possession. (2007). Ottawa, Ont.: National Aboriginal Health Organization (NAHO) = Organisation nationale de la santé autochtone (ONSA) = Kanatami Nunaqaakaaqsimajunut Aanniarnanginnilirinirmut Katujjiqatigiit.
Concepts in Aboriginal Health: A Video Workshop for Journalists. Retrieved from
OCAP Logo. Retrieved from
CIHR Logo. Retrieved from

17. Thanks!