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India and the Indian Ocean Basin
Chapter 15 India and the Indian Ocean Basin Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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WHERE WE LEFT OFF WITH INDIA…
Invasion of White Huns from central Asia beginning 451 C.E. Gupta state collapsed mid-sixth century Collapse political authority given to invaders, allies of the Gupta Dynasty & independent regions Chaos in northern India Local power struggles Invasions of Turkish nomads (Mughals), absorbed into Indian society India remained divided after the collapse of the Gupta Dynasty Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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KING HARSHA (R. 606–648 C.E.) Temporary restoration of unified, imperial rule in north India in 7th century Accomplishments Extension of influence to Himalayan states, communication with China Buddhist by faith, but tolerated all religions/faiths Built hospitals, gave free medical care Generous support for poor Patron of the arts—Wrote three plays Assassinated, no successor able to retain control immediate disintegration of empire & India again fought over by local rulers Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Introduction of Islam to Northern India
Spread of Islam during post-Harsha India…why? 1. Military conquest Arab forces captured India in mid-7th century; conquered Sind in 711 C.E. Sind stood at the fringe of the Islamic world, incorporated into expanding Umayyad Empire Heterodox population, but held by Abbasid dynasty to 1258 C.E. 2. Trade: Muslim merchants dominated trade & transportation networks between India & western lands Small community formed by Muslim merchants in coastal India Integration of cultures (marriages) became part of Indian society cultural diffusion! 3. Migrations & invasions of Turkish-speaking people from Central Asia Turkish groups came into contact with Islam through dealings w/Abbasid Empire conversion to Islam Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Mahmud of Ghazni Leader of the Turks in Afghanistan
Ruthless warrior who organized 17 raids into India, 1001–1027 C.E. Annexed several NW Indian states & Punjab Plundered, destroyed Hindu and Buddhist temples Somnath Hindu Temple of Gujarat destroyed, 1025 C.E. 50,000 people killed trying to defend it Obviously, raids did not encourage Indians to turn to Islam Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Sultanate of Delhi Late 12th century: Mahmud’s successors successfully consolidated Mahmud’s raiding territory Established Islamic state known as Sultanate of Delhi Capital: Delhi Controlled access from Punjab (NW India) to Ganges Valley Ruled northern India 1206–1526 C.E. Weak administrative structure Reliance on cooperation & goodwill of Hindu kings No permanent bureaucracy or administrative structure Nineteen out of thirty-five sultans assassinated What they DID do: sponsored Islam and played large role of spread, especially to Bengal region Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Hindu Kingdoms of Southern India
Chola kingdom, 850–1267 C.E. Southern India Maritime power—navy domination from South China Sea to Arabian Sea Not highly centralized Much autonomy for local & village governments as long as law & order prevailed More interested in profits in Indian Ocean basin, not so much about conquering lands Never really collapsed, just became more of a regional kingdom Kingdom of Vijayanagar Mid-fourteenth century to 1565 C.E., Northern Deccan Originally supported by sultanate of Delhi—wanted to expand southward. Sultan represented by two brothers: Harihara & Bukka Leaders renounced Islam in 1336 C.E. yet maintained relations with sultanate Southern kingdoms also politically divided like the north during postclassical period. Even though they weren’t strong enough to establish long-lasting POLITICAL dominance, the spread of Islam flourished during this time. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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MAJOR STATES OF POSTCLASSICAL INDIA, 600–1600 C.E.
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Agriculture in the Monsoon World
Rhythms of monsoons need for irrigation to avoid drought, famine Spring/summer: rains, wind from southwest Fall/winter: dry season, wind from northeast Irrigation especially important in southern India (arid, lack of rivers) Massive construction of reservoirs, canals, tunnels Required maintenance and manpower, but provided increase in agricultural productivity Increased food supply increase in population 53 million in 600 C.E. (post-Gupta) to 105 million people by 1500 Encouraged the growth of cities Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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THE TRADING WORLD OF THE INDIAN OCEAN BASIN, 600–1600 C.E.
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Population Growth in India
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Trade and Economic Development in Southern India
Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient despite the fact that it was not a unified country or empire Population growth specialization increased trade! Certain products traded throughout subcontinent Iron, copper, salt, pepper Southern India & Ceylon (modern Sri Lanka) profited from political instability in north Invasions & conflicts in the north Chola Kingdom gave political stability to south economic growth Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Temples and Society Chola rulers gave autonomy to subjects; towns & villages able to organize their own affairs Hindu temples became economic & social centers, as well as religious centers Construction of temples that provided many uses: Centers of coordination of irrigation, other agricultural work Some temples had large tracts of agricultural land Provided basic schooling for boys Temple authorities served as bankers made loans, and invested in commercial & business ventures Temples ultimately became very important to economy in S. India Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin
Increased Indian Ocean trade in postclassical period Already had contact with SE Asia, recognition of monsoon rhythms but new technologies allowed for the surge of volume & value of trade. Construction of larger ships Dhows & junks allowed for more cargo to be carried Improved organization of agricultural efforts Establishment of emporia: cosmopolitan Indian port cities as warehouses for trade Trade goods: Silk & porcelain from China Spices from SE Asia Pepper, gems, pearls & cotton from India Incense & horses: Arabia & SW Asia Gold, ivory & slaves from East Africa Specialized products developed (cotton, high-carbon steel) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Kingdom of Axum Christian empire centered in Ethiopia
Example of trade-driven development Displaced Kush as Egyptian link to the south Destruction of Kushan capital Meroë ca. 360 C.E. Major territorial expansion to late sixth century Resisted Arab pressures to become part of dar-al-Islam; stayed prosperous through trade Traded with India & SE Asia and also continued trade with Muslim merchants Controlled Adulis, most prominent port on the Red Sea Funneled gold, ivory & slaves from Africa, Mediterranean & Indian Ocean basin Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Challenges to Caste and Society
Migrations, growth of Islam, urbanization & economic development posed challenges to caste system A more complex caste system evolved to adapt to changes Caste system helped bring law & order to local communities in absence of strong, centralized governments Helped to integrate immigrants into Indian society Development of jati (subcastes), similar to workers’ guilds—people identified with specialization Expansion of caste system from north to south Promoted by temples, educational system By 11th centuty: caste system = principal basis for social organization in southern India Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Religious Developments
Jainism, Buddhism lost much of following, but never disappeared from India’s culture Hinduism & Islam promised salvation, gained popularity even among Buddhists Buddhism displaced as Turkish invasions destroyed holy sites, temples Destruction of library of Nalanda by Muslim forces, 1196 Thousands of monks exiled or killed Helped progress the destruction of Buddhism in India Hindu and Islamic traditions prevailed Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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The Increasing Popularity of Hinduism
Hinduism became more popular with decline of Buddhism…why? Growth of devotional cults--especially those dedicated to Vishnu, Shiva and gods associated with them Cults gave promise of salvation Especially popular in southern India Expansion to north Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Hinduism and Philosophy
Hinduism, just like Christianity, Buddhism & Islam, shaped philosophical thought in India. Shankara, brahmin philosopher of 9th century Devotee of Shiva Wanted to harmonize contradictory Hindu teachings into one system of thought Preferred rigorous logical analysis to emotional devotion Ramanuja, brahmin philosopher 11th-12th centuries Challenged Shankara’s emphasis on logic Personal union with deities = more important than reality & logic Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Conversion to Islam Gradual, slow conversion of Indians to Islam
Possibilities of social advancement for lower-caste Hindus Hoped that by converting to a religion where all people are equal, they would see an improvement in social standing Improved social standing rarely achieved through conversion Often, an entire caste or subcase adopted Islam simultaneously, then continued to maintain caste roles By 1500: 25 million Indian Muslims (~25% of population) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Sufis & Bhakti Movement
Most effective missionaries who had a devotional approach to Islam Did not insist on strict following, even allowed followers to observe rituals, etc. of other faiths Attraction because people found comfort & meaning in personal lives BHAKTI Movement Cult that sought to erase distinction between Hinduism & Islam Guru Kabir: important bhakti teacher, taught that Shiva, Vishnu & Allah were one deity Never did succeed at unifying Hinduism & Islam but did help build bridge between India’s social & cultural communities Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Indian Influence in Southeast Asia
Indian merchants visited islands & mainland as early as 500 B.C.E. India: textiles, beads, gold, silver, manufactured metal goods & religious objects SE Asia: spices, pearls, aromatics & animal skins Evidence of Indian ideas and traditions in SE Asia Kingship adopted as principal form of political authority State sponsorship of Buddhism and Hinduism Embraced literature that promoted Hindu values (Ramayana, Mahabharata) Caste system not as influential Continued to worship deities & nature spirits as well Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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Funan Kingdom: 1st-6th century CE
Lower portions of Mekong River (Cambodia & Vietnam) Capital city: Oc Eo Drew enormous wealth by controlling trade btw India & China Isthmus of Kra: connection between China & India Profits used to construct elaborate water storage & irrigation systems productive agriculture Similarities to India Kingship Indian ceremonies & rituals, worshipped Vishnu, Shiva Additional recognition of legitimate rule through Hinduism Decline: 6th century Power struggles Ruined irrigation system Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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SRIVIJAYA: 670-1025 Centered on Indonesian island of Sumatra
Gained leadership after fall of Funan Powerful navy: maintained sea trade between China & India Chola kingdom of India eclipsed this kingdom Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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ANGKOR: 889-1431 Found in modern-day Cambodia
Kingdom built at Angkor Thom—built by kings of Khmer Empire Later, built Angkor Wat, another temple center Microcosmic reflection of Hindu world order Turned to Buddhism in 12th & 13th centuries, added Buddhist temples to Hindu temple Abandoned by Khmers after invasion of Thai peoples Complexes forgotten until French missionaries & explorers re-discovered the site Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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EARLY STATES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA: FUNAN AND SRIVIJAYA, 100–1025 C.E.
Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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LATER STATES OF SOUTHEAST ASIA: ANGKOR, SINGOSARI, AND MAJAPAHIT, 889–1520 C.E.
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The Arrival of Islam Early populations of Muslim traders
Slow, quiet conversion to Islam Marco Polo observed conversions on island of Sumatra in late 13th century Ruling elite converted in cities while rural residents maintained traditions Increasing popularity with Sufi activity Appealed to public due to sincerity & holiness Many conversions, retaining some Hindu or Buddhist traditions Melaka: powerful Islamic state during 15th century Why Islam gained speed in SE Asia—sponsored by Melaka Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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