1. PLOT – Key Notes
Plot IS – the sequence of incidents or events through which an author constructs a story
IS NOT the action itself, but the way the author arranges the action toward a specific end
Commercial author is MORE likely to use a tried-and-true, fairly conventional structure in arranging plot elements

2. PLOT – cont’d.
For literary writers, a complex PLOT structure is often required to convey complex meanings
The significance of the action is more important than the action itself
Use of Conflict – is a clash of actions, ideas, desires, or wills
Are 4 types of conflict: person vs. person; person vs. environment; person vs. himself; person vs. society – may be mental, physical, emotional or moral

3. PLOT – cont’d. Literary fiction utilizes ALL FOUR kinds of Conflict
Commercial fiction emphasizes ONLY man vs. man conflicts
PROTAGONIST - Central character in CONFLICT
ANTAGONIST - Any force(s) arranged against the protagonist

4. PLOT – cont’d.
Plot involves use of SUSPENSE – what happens next in story?
In Literary fiction, SUSPENSE often involves not as much the question of What but Why things happen
Two common devices used to create SUSPENSE – Mystery and Dilemma

5. PLOT – cont’d.
Mystery – an unusual set of circumstances for which the reader craves explanation
Dilemma – a position in which he or she must choose between two courses of action, both UNDESIRABLE

6. PLOT – cont’d.
Suspense – usually most important criterion for good Commercial fiction
In Literary fiction, Suspense is less important than OTHER ELEMENTS the author uses to engage readers
Suspense is closely connected to element of SURPRISE

7. PLOT – cont’d. Surprise ending – sudden, unexpected turn or twist
Commercial fiction tends to use surprise endings more frequently
Two ways to judge the LEGITIMACY and VALUE of a surprise ending:
By the fairness with which it is achieved
By the purpose that it serves

8. PLOT – cont’d. Surprise endings are justified WHEN:
It serves to BROADEN or REINFORCE the meaning of the story
Other types of endings: happy; unhappy; indeterminate (ambiguous)

9. Artistic Unity Essential to a good plot
There must be nothing in the story that is irrelevant; i.e., that does not contribute to the meaning
There should be nothing there for its own sake (or just to add excitement)

10. Plot Manipulation
Defined: When an author includes a turn in the plot that is unjustified by the situation or characters
Ex. An unmotivated action
Ex. If the plot relies too heavily on chance or coincidence to give a resolution to the story
‘Deus ex machina’ – god from machine

11. Chance and Coincidence
Chance – the occurrence of an event that has no apparent cause in previous events or in predisposition of character
Coincidence – the chance occurrence oftwo events that may have a peculiar correspondence or relation

12. Understanding Plot Structure
Plot is the literary element that describes the structure of a story. A plot diagram is an organizational tool, which is used to map the significant events in a story. By placing the most significant events from a story on the plot diagram, you can visualize the key features of the story.
Plot is the literary element that describes the structure of a story. It shows the causal arrangement of events and actions within a story.

13. Types of Linear Plots Plots can be told in Chronological order
Flashback
In addition, you can note that some stories follow a circular or episodic plot, and hypertextual stories can be different every time they’re read, as the reader chooses the direction that the story takes. If a story that students are working on does not fit into the triangle structure, think about why the author would choose a different story structure and how the structure has changed.
In media res (in the middle of things) when the story starts in the middle of the action without exposition

14. Pyramid Plot Structure
The most basic and traditional form of plot is pyramid-shaped.
This structure has been described in more detail by Aristotle and by Gustav Freytag.

15. Aristotle’s Unified Plot
Aristotle defined plot as comprised of three parts: beginning, middle, and end. When all the parts of a story follow naturally from one to the next in a connected way, Aristotle called the narrative structure a unified plot. The parts of a unified plot are linear, leading from one to the next in a cause and effect chain.
The basic triangle-shaped plot structure was described by Aristotle in 350 BCE. Aristotle used the beginning, middle, and end structure to describe a story that moved along a linear path, following a chain of cause and effect as it works toward the solution of a conflict or crisis.

16. Freytag’s Plot Structure
Freytag modified Aristotle’s system by adding a rising action (or complication) and a falling action to the structure. Freytag’s structure begins with the introduction of a conflict or problem (exposition). At this point, background information is established. Next, the plot moves to rising action, as the conflict or problem is established fully. The mid-point of Freytag’s structure is the climax, the point in the story when there is a crisis or turning point. After the climax, the plot turns to falling action, when the events caused by the decision or crisis of the climax unfold. Finally, the story ends as the events are tied together (resolution). This final stage is also called the dénouement.
Freytag modified Aristotle’s system by adding a rising action (or complication) and a falling action to the structure. Freytag used the five-part design shown above to describe a story’s plot.

17. Modified Plot Structure
Some readers find Freytag’s Pyramid is oversimplified. As a result, Freytag’s Pyramid is often modified so that it extends slightly before and after the primary rising and falling action. You might think of this part of the chart as similar to the warm-up and cool-down for the story.
Freytag’s Pyramid is often modified so that it extends slightly before and after the primary rising and falling action. You might think of this part of the chart as similar to the warm-up and cool-down for the story.

18. Plot Components
Climax: the turning point, the most intense moment—either mentally or in action
Rising Action: the series of conflicts and crisis in the story that lead to the climax
Falling Action: all of the action which follows the climax
Exposition: The mood and conditions existing at the beginning of the story. The setting is identified. The main characters with their positions, circumstances and relationships to one another are established. The exciting force or initial conflict is introduced. Sometimes called the “Narrative HOOK” this begins the conflict that continues throughout the story.
Rising Action: The series of events, conflicts, and crises in the story that lead up to the climax, providing the progressive intensity, and complicate the conflict.
Climax: The turning point of the story. A crucial event takes place and from this point forward, the protagonist moves toward his inevitable end. The event may be either an action or a mental decision that the protagonist makes.
Falling Action: The events occurring from the time of the climax to the end of the story. The main character may encounter more conflicts in this part of the story, but the end is inevitable.
Resolution/Denouement: The tying up of loose ends and all of the threads in the story. The conclusion. The hero character either emerges triumphant or is defeated at this point.
Exposition: the start of the story, the situation before the action starts
Resolution: the conclusion, the tying together of all of the threads

19. Conflict
Conflict is the dramatic struggle between two forces in a story. Without conflict, there is no plot.

20. Types of Conflict Interpersonal Conflict Human vs Human
Human vs Nature
Human vs Society
Human vs Self
Internal Conflict

21. Final Thoughts
Plot Analysis – the BEST approach is to consider the function of Plot in trying to understand the relationship of each incident to the larger meaning of the story
In Literary fiction, Plot is important for what it reveals…