1. Types of Appeal and Rhetorical Strategies in Julius Caesar

2. What are types of appeal?
There are three types of appeals people use to communicate:
Ethical (Ethos): the speaker/writer uses language to gain the listener’s/reader’s trust
Logical (Logos): the speaker/writer uses facts, details, and information to create a rational argument.
Emotional (Pathos): the speaker/writer uses emotionally charged words and phrases to “move” the listener/reader.

3. What are rhetorical strategies?
Rhetorical strategies are what good speakers use to persuade effectively.
There are many, many rhetorical strategies, but we’ll be focusing on the ones Shakespeare used in Julius Caesar.

4. Rhetorical Strategies
(1) Alliteration: repetition of the same consonant sound throughout a line of verse.
Ex: “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers”
(2) Antithesis: juxtaposition or contrast of ideas or words to give the listener a feeling of balance.
Ex: “One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” Neil Armstrong
(3) Apostrophe: a sudden turn from the general audience to address a particular person or group.
“We women live in a time of open hearts and minds. But without you, Amelia Earhart, there would be no such things.”

5. Rhetorical Strategies
(4) Chiasmus: two corresponding pairs arranged in a parallel inverse order. (a-b-b-a)
Ex: “Fair is foul and foul is fair” (Macbeth)
(5) Epimone: frequent repetition of a phrase or questions: dwelling on a point
Ex: “You talkin’ to me? Are you talkin’ to me? Because there don’t seem to be nobody else around. I’ll ask again; are you talkin’ to me?” (Scarface)
(6) Verbal Irony: saying the opposite of what you mean
Ex: “ I will not marry; yet, and when I do I swear it will be Romeo, whom you know I hate, rather than Paris.” (Romeo and Juliet)

6. Rhetorical Strategies
(7) Metaphor: implied comparison between two unlike things achieved through the figurative use of words
Ex: A strong wind of poverty blew out her life.
(8) Metonymy: substitution of some attributive or suggestive word for what is meant (i.e. “Crown” equals “Royalty”)
Ex: “The pen is mightier than the sword”
(9) Parallelism: similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words
Ex: Ferocious dragons breathing fire and wicked sorcerers casting spells do damage by the light of night.

7. Rhetorical Strategies
(10) Polysyndeton: the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate words, phrases, or clauses
Ex: We checked under the blanket and the pillow and the rug and the couch and the table and the bed and the dresser and the coat rack, but we couldn’t find Fluffy anywhere.
(11) Rhetorical Question: a question asked for effect, but not necessarily needing to be answered
“To be, or not to be” (Hamlet)
(12) Simile: comparing two unlike things using the words “like” or “as”
Ex: He was solid as a rock.

8. On Your Own
Now, try looking for examples of these strategies on your own.