1. The Tokugawa System

2. Japanese pronunciation
a, i, u, e, o

3. Japanese pronunciation
a = ă (ah) i = ē, u = oo e = ĕ (eh) o = ō ka, ki, ku, ke, ko ra, ri, ru, re, ro

4. Long sounds
Ō Ū

5. Let’s practice! Tokugawa Ieyasu Fukuzawa Yūkichi Yamakawa Kikue Meiji
Geisha

6. Japanese Names
Family name comes first, given name second: Tokugawa Ieyasu Tokugawa Hidetada Tokugawa Iemitsu

7. OUTLINE From Imperial State to Feudalism Process of Reunification
Systems of Control
Rearrangement of domains
Alternate Attendance System (sankin kōtai)
Sakoku (“Closed Country”)
Freezing of the Social Order

8. The Imperial State Centralized form of government Headed by an emperor
Imperial capital in Kyoto

9. Three Feudal Regimes
Kamakura
Ashikaga
Tokugawa

10. Shogun: “barbarian quelling generalissimo”
Bakufu = “tent government”

12. What is Feudalism?
A political system
An economic system

13. Warring States Period
A century of warfare and disunity (late 15th to late 16th century)
Daimyo: feudal lord
Samurai: retainer
Bushi: warrior

14. Oda Nobunaga
Began the unification process at the end of the warring states period

15. Oda Nobunaga

16. Toyotomi Hideyoshi “Sword hunts” to disarm the peasantry
Land surveys determine income from land
Defines a daimyo as a lord with 10,000 koku of rice income
First to use the “hostage system” (wife and heir) to control loyalty among followers

17. Tokugawa Ieyasu

18. Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) Battle of Sekigahara (1600)
Named shogun (1603)
Establishes his capital in Edo
Bakufu: tent government
Shogunate: government of the shogun

19. Tokugawa Systems of Control
Rearrangement of domains
Alternate Attendance System (sankin kōtai)
Sakoku (“Closed Country”)
Freezing of the Social Order

20. Rearrangement of Domains
Shinpan (Collateral)
Fudai (Inner)
Tozama (Outer)

23. Alternate Attendance Sankin kotai
Daimyo must reside in Edo every other year
Wives and children remain in Edo as “hostages”
Half of all daimyo are in residence in Edo at any given time

24. Daimyo Procession

25. Main roads are
Nakasendo (naka = middle)
Tōkaido (tōkai = eastern ocean)
These roads become national highways that promote travel and trade

28. Sakoku (Closed Country)
Ban on Christianity
Western powers excluded except for the Dutch on Dejima
Nagasaki becomes Japan’s “window to the world”

30. Freezing the Social Order: the Confucian Status System
Shi (samurai)
Nō (peasants)
Kō (artisans)
Shō (merchants)
[Eta]

31. Main Philosophical and Religious Traditions
Confucianism (originated in China)
Buddhism (originated in India, brought to Japan via China)
Shinto (Japan’s indigenous religious tradition)

32. Confucianism Supported officially by the bakufu
Emphasized strict hierarchy and maintenance of social order

33. Confucian Five Relationships
Ruler/subject
Parent/child
Older sibling/younger sibling
Husband/wife
Friend/friend

34. Summary: Four Tokugawa Methods of Control
Rearrangement of domains
Alternate Attendance System (sankin kōtai)
Sakoku (“Closed Country”)
Freezing of the Social Order

36. Periodization Early Modern Japan Tokugawa Period (feudal) 1600-1868
Meiji Period
Taishō Period
Shōwa Period
Heisei Period