1. The Industrial Revolution in England
World History

2. Student Instructions
As you listen to the lecture take notes on your Cornell Note Template. Only take notes when you see the outline.
For homework, create 3 questions per page choosing one level per question (see Costa’s Questions Handout). Also, write a paragraph summary answering the essential question.

3. Take notes on the note-taking template

4. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The shift, beginning in England in the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine.

5. Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain?
Napoleon became emperor and the French armies were victorious for the early 1800s.
The French navy blockaded Britain and forced the British to produce more food.
Britain attacked France and became involved in a long war.

6. Population Explosion
England - huge increase in population in the late 1760s.
More people need more food.
The French blockade meant that the British had to produce more food.
Large landowners chase small tenant farmers (renters) off their lands to try to make the most profit from the increased price of food.

7. Why did the Industrial Revolution start in Britain?

8. Britain starts the Industrial Revolution
Natural Resources
System of navigable
rivers and canals.
surrounded by harbors
coal, iron, and other fuel
food sources
Population
A population
explosion gave England
plenty of workers
Large population also
meant a large market
Technology
Inventors that changed
working life
Roads and railroads were
invented in England and
helped transportation
Money
England had a bank that
loaned entrepreneurs
money to start
companies.

9. I. Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution
Geography
natural resources - iron and coal
separation from the European continent kept them out of wars
Government
trade encouraged and population allowed to relocate
helped build canals and roads
Social Factors
i. British society less rigid than other European countries

10. Industrialization and the World
The problem with industrialization was that it demanded a lot of natural resources.
England could not continue to provide all of the natural resources the growing factories demanded.
The people of England could not continue to keep buying all of the goods that the factories produced.
The answer was to take over the world and bring in natural resources from other countries and sell them factory-made goods.

11. I. Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution
Geography
natural resources - iron and coal
separation from the European continent kept them out of wars
Government
trade encouraged and population allowed to relocate
helped build canals and roads
Social Factors
i. British society less rigid than other European countries
Colonial Empire
i. supplied raw material and provided market for goods
Advantages of Industrializing First
i. no other competition for manufactured goods monopoly on technology

12. Britain’s Agricultural Revolution
The large landowners consolidate
their property into enclosures –
land that is walled off.
Increased technology and new inventions make the
British farmers the most productive in the world. Fewer
farmers can now produce more food than ever before.
This allows the rural population to feed a growing urban
population.

13. Enclosure results in Urbanization
The former tenant farmers that were chased off the lands during the period of enclosure were forced to move into villages and towns.
Many found work at home making textile products (making wool, flax, and cotton into cloth).

14. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
2. The Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure Movement
landlords fenced in common land and used new farming technology
peasants became poorer

15. The landlords started crop rotation
The landlords started crop rotation. They would change the crops that they would plant in different fields to make sure that the fields retained their nutrients.
The changes in the way the people in Britain farmed resulted in huge increases in the amount of food that the land produced.
New crops such as corn and potatoes were introduced that increased the amount of food that Britain produced.

16. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
2. The Agricultural Revolution
Enclosure Movement
landlords fenced in common land and used new farming technology
peasants became poorer
Crop Rotation
fields regained nutrients by planting different crops
Other Discoveries
seed drill planted seeds quickly
new crops: corn and potato
Results in more food and population increase

17. Agricultural Revolution

18. Capitalists (businessmen) started businesses by taking wool and flax to the cottages (homes) of peasant spinners.
After the wool and flax were spun and carded, the capitalists would then take it to the weavers.
Then he would get the cloth made into clothing and sell it for a profit.

19. 3. Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism
Merchants Role
supplied materials – wool and cotton
transported supplies
merchants make profits
Capitalism
private ownership, free competition, and profit
cottage industry early example of capitalism
Effects of the Cottage Industry
big profits for new class of merchants
alternative source of income for peasants

20. The Factory System What do you see here? What are the machines doing?
What are the workers doing?
What is the boy in the machine doing?
What might be the advantages of factory spinning over cottage-industry spinning?

21. The Factory System
Entrepreneurs decided to combine all of the factors of production into one place
workers
+ raw materials
+ machines
+ building
= factory system

22. The start of the industrial revolution was helped by many brilliant people making key inventions…

23. James Hargreaves designed the spinning jenny
it did the work of eight spinners

24. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin
What is this machine?
Cotton with its seeds go in this side
“clean cotton” comes out without the seeds

25. 4. Textile Industry and Factory System Textile Industry Invented
cottages couldn’t keep up with demand for textiles
new machines make textiles quicker
a. James Hargreaves – spinning jenny allowed one worker to do the work of 8 spinners
b. James Watt – steam engine that used less energy
c. Eli Whitney – cotton gin and interchangeable parts
d. Henry Bessemer – added air to making iron, which made the iron goods stronger and easier to shape
e. Louis Pasteur – pasteurized goods (took out bacteria)
f. Thomas Edison – many inventions, including electric bulb and phonograph

27. C. Effects of Textile Factories in Britain
B Rise of the Factory
new machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories
located near power source: coal, iron, water
C. Effects of Textile Factories in Britain
Amount of textiles increased and prices lowered
most villagers leave home to find work in urban factories

28. early factories used water-power

29. 5. Steam Engine: Energy for the Industrial Revolution
Steam Engine built for increasing need for power
Steam forced from high to low pressure produces power
Steam Engine improved mining which increased metals

30. Steam power works by forcing steam from low pressure to high pressure.

32. Iron and Coal: Energy of the Industrial Revolution
The use of iron was essential in the industrial revolution. Iron was a very hard metal that could be used to make strong machines.
The problem was that iron needed carbon added to it to be flexible and durable.
The British used iron to build the world’s most powerful navy.
This navy controlled the world’s oceans using coal for energy.
Coal could also be used to produce steam power.
many workers die because of dangerous machinery
British engineers learned that coal could be used for energy and carbon. It burned slowly and had the carbon needed to make iron.

33. 6. Iron and Coal: Energy for the Industrial Revolution
The Need for Iron
farming tools, new factory machinery, railways
The Need for Coal
steam engines powered by coal
Effect of Iron and Coal
Britain produced more iron than rest of the world
coal powered Britain’s enormous navy

35. the Bessemer Process added air to iron smelting, making the iron easier to mold and stronger

37. Transportation
Before the industrial revolution merchants used to transport goods by horse or mule cart over poor roads.
Merchants had to wait for good weather to travel.
The industrial revolution needed quicker, cheaper, and more reliable forms of transportation.
Soon railroads covered Britain.
In 1829 Stephenson invented the steam locomotive.
Goods and people could travel quickly and cheaply across the country.
In addition to railroads, the British also constructed canals and better roads to meet the demands of the new businesses.

38. 7. Transportation Need for Better Transportation
increased production needed quick and cheap transportation
Inventions
roads, canals, railroad
Effects of Railroads
cheaper transportation increased production and profits
helped other industries

41. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
rapid urbanization led to crowded and dirty cities that were unhealthy

42. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
destroyed social order
whole families are forced to work in factories
parents have to work two jobs and can not feed and raise children – many live on the streets and join gangs

43. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
many poor families need their children to work long and dangerous hours at jobs that pay very little

44. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
workers eventually join unions to fight for better wages, shorter working days, and safer working conditions

45. Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Positive Effects
a new middle class developed to
serve the interests of the owners
shopping – more goods were made for
much cheaper and many people could
afford goods that they would never
have been able to before
medical care and city planning improved
new inventions improved the quality of life

46. 8. What were the effects of the Industrial Revolution? Positive
more jobs and money for a country
encouraged invention and technology
cheaper products
raised standards of living
led to more educational opportunities
Negative
pollution – air, water, and land
slums – overcrowding in cities and towns
child labor
Diseases
class tension
de-skilling of labor (Luddites)

47. 9. How did the industrial revolution spread? USA
War of 1812 forces Americans to buy USA-made goods
Samuel Slater brings designs for factory to the USA
first factories built in New England
after Civil War (1865), USA becomes industrial country because of large population and many natural resources

49. 9. How did the industrial revolution spread? USA
War of 1812 forces Americans to buy USA-made goods
Samuel Slater brings designs for factory to the USA
first factories built in New England
after Civil War (1865), USA becomes industrial country because of large population and many natural resources
Europe
other European countries were slower to industrialize because of; Napoleonic Wars, inflexible social structures, or geography that made transportation difficult
by 1850s many European countries had industrialized
by the late 1880s, countries like Germany and France were starting to become industrial and military powers

50. Industrialization and the World
The problem with industrialization was that it demanded a lot of natural resources.
England could not continue to provide all of the natural resources the growing factories demanded.
The people of England could not continue to keep buying all of the goods that the factories produced.
The answer was to take over the world and bring in natural resources from other countries and sell them factory-made goods.

52. 10. How did people react to the new society?
Philosophers try to explain changes
capitalism – private ownership and profits for owners
utilitarianism – best interests of society
utopianism – ideal communities
socialism – public ownership and operation for general good
communism – no private ownership, everything shared
The Arts reflect changes
Neoclassical – before industrial revolution, focused on order and harmony in society
Romantic – turned away from society’s order and focused on nature and individual’s emotions
Realistic – turned away from the escapism of the Romantics and tried to reflect the reality of life in industrial society

53. 10. How did people react to the new society?
Philosophers try to explain changes
capitalism – private ownership and profits for owners
utilitarianism – best interests of society
utopianism – ideal communities
socialism – public ownership and operation for general good
communism – no private ownership, everything shared
The Arts reflect changes
Neoclassical – before industrial revolution, focused on order and harmony in society
Romantic – turned away from society’s order and focused on nature and individual’s emotions
Realistic – turned away from the escapism of the Romantics and tried to reflect the reality of life in industrial society