1. LOOK AT SOME QUALITIES. WHO WOULD BE YOUR CHOICE TO LEAD YOUR COUNTRY?
PICK YOUR LEADER
LOOK AT SOME QUALITIES. WHO WOULD BE YOUR CHOICE TO LEAD YOUR COUNTRY?

2. WHY OR WHY NOT? WHAT DO YOU THINK?
WHAT QUALITIES DO YOU THINK ARE ESSENTIAL FOR A GOOD LEADER?
DO YOU KNOW ANY GREAT LEADERS? WHAT MADE THEM GREAT?
CONSIDER PEOPLE IN THESE CONTEXTS
HISTORICAL
PRESENT-DAY
BUSINESS
EDUCATION
GOVERNMENT
DO THE QUALITIES OF A MILITARY LEADER MAKE A GOOD PRESIDENT?
DO POLITICIANS MAKE GOOD LEADERS?
DO BUSINESSMEN/WOMEN MAKE GOOD LEADERS?
WHY OR
WHY NOT?

3. CANDIDATES
IT IS TIME TO ELECT A NEW NATIONAL LEADER, AND YOUR VOTE COUNTS. HERE ARE SOME FACTS ABOUT THE THREE LEADING CANDIDATES:
Candidate A: Associates with crooked politicians, and consults with astrologists. He’s had two mistresses. He also chain smokes and drinks 8 to 10 martinis a day.
Candidate B: He was kicked out of office twice, sleeps until noon, used opium in college and drinks a quart of whisky every evening.
Candidate C: He is a decorated war hero. His diet is vegetarian, doesn’t smoke, drinks an occasional beer and, as a single man, has not had any extramarital affairs.
Which of these candidates would be your choice?

4. How did you do?
CANDIDATE A: FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT US PRESIDENT DURING WORLD WAR II
CANDIDATE B: WINSTON CHURCHILL, GREAT BRITAIN’S PRIME MINISTER DURING WORLD WAR II
CANDIDATE C: ?

5. NOT ALWAYS WHAT YOU MIGHT THINK, IS IT?

6. THE AGE OF JACKSON 1824-1840 ANDREW JACKSON (2:03)
SON OF A POOR FARMER FROM SOUTH CAROLINA
ORPHANED BY THE TIME HE WAS 14
WILD AND CRAZY GUY: ALWAYS GETTING INTO FIGHTS
MOVED TO TENNESSEE AND BECAME A SUCCESSFUL LAWYER AND PLANTATION OWNER
QUICK TEMPER GOT HIM INTO FIGHTS AND DUELS (4:24)
SHOT TWICE AND THE BULLETS REMAINED IN HIM FOR THE REST OF HIS LIFE!
HERO OF HORSESHOE BEND
HERO OF THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
ENTERED FLORIDA TO AVENGE THE SEMINOLE RAIDS INTO GEORGIA
BECAME ALMOST A FOLK HERO TO THE PEOPLE BECAUSE OF HIS TOUGHNESS AND REPUTATION AS A FIGHTER.
THE PEOPLE CONSIDERED HIM ONE OF THEM.

7. ELECTION OF 1824 FIGHT FOR THE PRESIDENCY AMONG FOUR CANDIDATES
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS: NEW ENGLAND’S CHOICE
ANDREW JACKSON: POPULAR WAR HERO (3:24)
HENRY CLAY: SUPPORTED BY WESTERNERS
WILLIAM CRAWFORD: SUPPORTED BY THE SOUTH
JACKSON WINS POPULAR VOTE, BUT NOT THE ELECTORAL COLLEGE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES CHOOSES THE PRESIDENT FROM THE TOP THREE
ADAMS
JACKSON
CRAWFORD
(OUT OF THE RUNNING, CLAY GIVES HIS SUPPORT TO ADAMS)
ADAMS WINS AND NAMES CLAY AS HIS SECRETARY OF STATE
JACKSON’S FOLLOWERS CRY FOUL (DEAL WITH THE DEVIL SO TO SPEAK).
“CORRUPT BARGAIN”
CHARGE FOLLOWS ADAMS FOR FOUR YEARS AND HE GETS NOTHING DONE.
CONGRESS IS LOADED WITH JACKSON SUPPORTERS

8. “JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY” IS BORN
YEARS
JACKSON WORKS TO WIN THE PRESIDENCY
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICAN PARTY SPLITS BETWEEN JACKSON AND ADAMS
JACKSON AS THE COMMON MAN
ADAMS AS THE REPRESENTATIVE OF THE PRIVILEGED, RICH EASTERNERS
SPLIT RESULTS IN TWO SEPARATE PARTIES
DEMOCRATS FOR JACKSON
NATIONAL REPUBLICANS FOR ADAMS
ELECTION OF 1828 A NASTY AFFAIR
VICIOUS PERSONAL ATTACKS
JACKSON’S WIFE (RACHEL) WAS TARGETED.
JACKSON PROMISED TO LOOK OUT FOR THE COMMON PEOPLE
JACKSON PROMOTED MAJORITY RULE
“JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY” IS BORN

9. JACKSON’S IDEA OF SPREADING POLITICAL POWER
PRE-DATES JACKSON
DURING JEFFERSON’S PRESIDENCY
MORE PEOPLE GAINED THE RIGHT TO VOTE
STATES REDUCED RESTRICTIONS
NO LONGER REQUIRED TO OWN PROPERTY
STILL LIMITED TO WHITE MEN
JACKSON SUPPORTERS
COMMON MAN
WESTERN FARMERS
WORKERS IN THE LARGE CITIES
IDEA THAT GOVERNMENT SHOULD BE CONTROLLED BY AN EDUCATED ELITE NO LONGER VALID

10. JEFFERSONIAN VS. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
GOVERNMENT FOR THE PEOPLE BY CAPABLE, WELL-EDUCATED LEADERS
GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE
DEMOCRACY IN POLITICAL LIFE
DEMOCRACY IN SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND POLITICAL LIFE
CHAMPIONED THE CAUSE OF THE FARMER IN A MAINLY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
CHAMPIONED THE CAUSE OF THE FARMER AND THE LABORER IN AN AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
LIMITED GOVERNMENT
LIMITED GOVERNMENT, BUT WITH A STRONG PRESIDENT

11. THE PEOPLE’S PRESIDENT
AMERICAN SUCCESS STORY
FIRST PRESIDENT FROM THE WEST
HARD LIFE
FATHER DIED WHEN 13
FOUGHT IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR AT 13
CONTRACTED SMALLPOX
BROTHER DIED OF SMALLPOX
MOTHER DIED WHILE HE WAS RECOVERING
EXPERIENCES LED HIM TO HATE THE BRITISH
STUDIED LAW
BOUGHT A PLANTATION
RAN FOR CONGRESS
HERO OF THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS
WHAT MORE COULD YOU WANT?

12. JACKSON HAS PROMISES TO FULFILL
JACKSON TAKES OFFICE
WIFE DIES OF HEART ATTACK BEFORE INAUGURATION
PEOPLE WENT CRAZY OVER “THEIR PRESIDENT”
EVERYONE WENT TO THE WHITE HOUSE RECEPTION
ROWDY
BROKE CHINA AND GLASSES GRABBING FOOD
IT GOT OUT OFF HAND
JACKSON HAD TO FLEE THE WHITE HOUSE!
JACKSON HAS PROMISES TO FULFILL

13. A NEW POLITICAL ERA BEGINS
REPLACED GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS WITH HIS BUDDIES
“SPOILS SYSTEM”
THREE MAJOR ISSUES
STATUS OF NATIVE AMERICANS
RIGHTS OF STATES
THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES

14. JACKSON AND THE NATIVE AMERICANS
CHEROKEE
ADOPTED WHITE CUSTOMS
DRESSED AS WHITES
OWNED FARMS AND CATTLE
SOME HAD SLAVES
WRITTEN LANGUAGE
PUBLISHED NEWSPAPERS
SENT CHILDREN TO SCHOOL
FOUNDED A NATION BASED ON US CONSTITUTION
BUT!
GOLD WAS DISCOVERED ON THEIR LAND IN GEORGIA
THEY HAD TO GET OUT OF THE WAY FOR THE WHITE SETTLERS

15. JACKSON’S REMOVAL POLICY
LONG WANTED NATIVE AMERICANS MOVED WEST OF MISSISSIPPI
THOUGHT THE GOVERNMENT HAD THE RIGHT TO TELL THE NATIVE AMERICANS WHERE TO LIVE
CONQUERED SUBJECTS
THEY HAD TWO CHOICES
ADOPT WHITE CULTURE AND BECOME CITIZENS
MOVE TO THE WESTERN TERRITORIES
CAN’T HAVE THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT WITHIN OUR BOUNDARIES!!!
GOLD IN GEORGIA
STATES PASS LAWS TO TAKE OVER NATIVE AMERICAN LAND
JACKSON SUPPORTED STATE LAW OVER NATIVE AMERICAN PROTESTS
SO, SOMETHING HAS TO HAPPEN TO FIX THIS

16. INDIAN REMOVAL ACT 1830
GOVERNMENT NEGOTIATE TREATIES WITH NATIVE AMERICANS
MOVE THEM WEST
PRESIDENT JACKSON ENFORCED LAW IMMEDIATELY
CONSIDERED IT “JUST AND LIBERAL”
LET THEM KEEP THEIR TRADITIONS
LET THEM KEEP THEIR WAY OF LIFE
REALITY OF THE LAW
CAUSED EXTREME HARDSHIP ON NATIVE AMERICANS
CHANGED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WHITES AND NATIVE AMERICANS FOREVER.

18. TRAIL OF TEARS

19. INDIAN TERRITORY WHAT HAPPENED…
WHITES INVADED NATIVE AMERICAN HOMELANDS
NATIVE AMERICANS LEFT WITH NO CHOICE
SIGNED TREATIES EXCHANGING THEIR LAND FOR LAND IN THE WEST
OKLAHOMA
KANSAS
NEBRASKA
1831
CHOCTAW AND SOUTHEAST TRIBES MOVED OUT
CHEROKEE APPEALED TO THE US SUPREME COURT
(1832) COURT SAYS ONLY FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CAN MAKE LAWS GOVERNING TRIBE.
GEORGIA’S LAWS ARE INVALID
PRES. JACKSON AND GEORGIA IGNORE THE COURT
“JOHN MARSHALL HAS MADE HIS DECISION…NOW LET HIM ENFORCE IT”
INDIAN TERRITORY

21. THE TRAIL OF TEARS GETS ITS NAME
CHEROKEE RESPONSE
SOME GAVE UP AND SIGNED TREATIES
MAJORITY (LED BY JOHN ROSS)OPPOSED THE LAW
JACKSON REFUSED TO NEGOTIATE
SENDS IN ARMY (GEN. WINFRED SCOTT)
ROUNDED UP 16,000 CHEROKEE
TOOK THEM OUT OF THEIR HOMES WITH JUST THE CLOTHES ON THEIR BACK
FORCED INTO CAMPS
FALL AND WINTER OF
YEAR LONG JOURNEY WEST ON FOOT
25% DIE DUE TO THE HARSH WEATHER CONDITIONS AND INADEQUATE CLOTHING
JOHN ROSS’S WIFE AMONG THE DEAD
4000 GRAVES MARKED THE TRAIL
THE TRAIL OF TEARS GETS ITS NAME

22. ALL RELOCATED AFTER A FIGHT
RESISTANCE
CHEROKEE
ONE FAMILY SACRIFICED SELVES SO OTHERS COULD STAY IN THEIR HOMES
TSALI
SEMINOLES REFUSED TO LEAVE
SECOND SEMINOLE WAR
OSCEOLA LED FIGHT IN EVERGLADES
STILL THERE TODAY
RESISTANCE NORTH OF THE OHIO RIVER
SHAWNEE
OTTAWA
POTAWATOMI
SAUK
FOX
ALL RELOCATED AFTER A FIGHT

23. 1832 BLACKHAWK WAR BLACKHAWK (SAUK CHIEF) FOUGHT TO REGAIN
SAUK AND FOX TERRITORY
ILLINOIS MILITIA AND US ARMY CRUSHED THE
UPRISING.
(NOW YOU KNOW WHY THE HOCKEY TEAM IN
CHICAGO IS CALLED THE BLACKHAWKS)

24. CONFLICTS OVER STATES’ RIGHTS (AS IF THE REMOVAL ACT WASN’T ENOUGH)
REMEMBER THE SECTIONALISM ISSUE?
NORTH--- MANUFACTURING AND INDUSTRY WANT PROTECTIVE TARIFFS
SOUTH--- COTTON AND FARMING
WEST--- LOOKING FOR CHEAP LAND AND INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS
NORTHERNERS DON’T WANT CHEAP LAND IN THE WEST: LOSE WORKERS
WESTERNERS WANT CHEAP LAND: DRAW PEOPLE GAIN POLITICAL POWER
INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS --- NO ONE IS HAPPY
WEST AND NORTH WANT ROADS AND CANALS
SOUTH OPPOSED BECAUSE FUNDING FINANCED BY TARIFFS (TAXES ON IMPORTS) AND THEY NEEDED THOSE IMPORTS WITHOUT SPENDING MORE.
TARIFFS GETTING OUT OF CONTROL
NORTH LIKED IT--- DECREASED COMPETITION
SOUTH HATED IT--- ECONOMY DEPENDED ON FOREIGN BUYERS
PAID IN CREDIT, NOT CASH, AND AS TARIFFS WENT UP FOREIGN GOODS COST MORE

25. TURNING THE KNIFE IN THE BACK TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS
IDEA OF ADAMS TO RAISE TARIFFS ON RAW MATERIAL AND MANUFACTURED GOODS
62% TAX ON 92% OF IMPORTS
GREAT IDEA FOR THE NORTH– CUT OFF COMPETITION
BAD IDEA FOR SOUTH--- EVERYTHING COST MORE
SOUTH FEELS THAT EVERYTHING IS FOCUSED ON THE NORTH AND THEY ARE GETTING THE SHORT END OF THE STICK
SOUTH PUSHES JACKSON INTO OFFICE OVER THIS

26. CRISIS!!! “SOUTH CAROLINA EXPOSITION AND PROTEST”
TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS HIT SOUTH CAROLINA HARD
ECONOMY WAS IN A SLUMP
LEADERS IN THE STATE STARTED TALKING ABOUT LEAVING THE UNION (1828)
JOHN C. CALHOUN (JACKSON’S VP) UNDERSTOOD THE PROBLEM BECAUSE HE WAS A FARMER TOO.
WANTED TO KEEP THE STATE IN THE UNION
THE ANSWER
“DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION”
STATES CAN REJECT FEDERAL LAWS THEY CONSIDER UNCONSTITUTIONAL
SAME IDEA JEFFERSON HAD IN 1799
WHAT DOES IT SAY?
MAKE VOID ANY FEDERAL LAW WITHIN A STATE’S BOUNDARIES
CONGRESS HAD NO RIGHT TO PASS LAWS THAT BENEFITED ONE PART OF THE COUNTRY
STATES’ RIGHTS
STATES CAN DECIDE IF A LAW PASSED BY CONGESS IS CONSTITUTIONAL
CALHOUN WROTE THE THEORY BUT DIDN’T SIGN IT: FIGURED IT WOULD BE A PROBLEM

27. OH YEAH--- CALHOUN WAS RIGHT!
DEBATE!
STATES’ RIGHTS VERSUS STRONG FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
MAJOR ISSUE RESULTS IN THE CIVIL WAR
DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION --- WEBSTER-HAYNE DEBATE
DANNY WEBSTER (MASSACHUSETTS)
THE PEOPLE ARE THE UNION, NOT THE STATES
BOBBY HAYNE (SOUTH CAROLINA)
REAL ENEMIES OF THE UNION WERE THOSE STEALING POWER FROM THE STATES
JACKSON AND CALHOUN SPAR
JACKSON: PRESERVE THE FEDERAL UNION
CALHOUN: THE UNION CAN ONLY BE PRESERVED IF THE RIGHTS OF THE STATES ARE PROTECTED AND THE BENEFITS ARE DISTRIBUTED EQUALLY.
NOW WE HAVE A PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT THAT ARE POLITICAL ENEMIES.

28. SOUTH CAROLINA HAS HAD ENOUGH OF THIS NONSENSE
JACKSON WANTS TO FIX THIS
ASKS CONGRESS TO REDUCE THE TARIFF
SOUTH THINKS THE TARIFF IS STILL TOO HIGH!
SOUTH CAROLINA TAKES ACTION
NULLIFIED THE TARIFFS OF 1828 AND 1832
STARTS TO BUILD ITS OWN ARMY
THREATENS SECESSION (LEAVE THE UNION)
JACKSON HAS HAD IT. TELLS SOUTH CAROLINA CONGRESSMAN THAT HE WOULD
“… HANG THE FIRST MAN OF THEM I CAN GET MY HANDS ON.” IF THEY SECEDE.
WINS RE-ELECTION IN 1832
DROPS CALHOUN AS VP
THREATENS FORCE TO PRESERVE THE UNION

29. HENRY CLAY TO THE RESCUE AGAIN
HENRY CLAY TO THE RESCUE AGAIN! The Great Pacificator or The Great Compromiser
COMPROMISE TARIFF OF 1833
SETTLE THE ISSUE
DROP TARIFF GRADUALLY OVER 10 YEARS
GOAL: GET BACK TO THE 20% TARIFF OF 1816 BY 1842
PREVENT BLOODSHED
PRESERVE THE UNION
CONGRESS PASSES THE BILL
SOUTH CAROLINA BACKS DOWN
CALHOUN WRITES IT WITH CLAY

30. JACKSON’S WAR ON THE NATIONAL BANK
NICHOLAS BIDDLE AND HIS BANK
SECOND BANK OF THE UNITED STATES (MOST POWERFUL BANK IN THE COUNTRY).
CONTROLLED THE NATION’S MONEY SUPPLY
SET POLICY OUTSIDE THE CONGRESS
MADE LOANS TO CONGRESSMEN
BOASTED THAT HE COULD INFLUENCE CONGRESS TO DO HIS BIDDING
RAN AN EFFICIENT OPERATION
JACKSON HATED THE BANK
“MONSTER OF CORRUPTION”
TOO MUCH POWER
LOST $$$ IN EARLIER FINANCIAL DEALS
LOTS OF DISTRUST
BANK FAVORED THE WEALTHY AND HURT THE AVERAGE CITIZENS

31. THE WAR AGAINST THE BANK BEGINS
1832
JACKSON IS RUNNING FOR RE-ELECTION
BIDDLE ASKS FOR THE BANKS CHARTER TO BE RENEWED
CAN’T OPERATE WITHOUT IT
EXPIRES IN 1836
USED ELECTION YEAR POLITICS
FIGURED THERE WAS NO WAY JACKSON WOULD WANT THIS IN THE MIX
RISK ANGERING WEALTHY CLIENTS
LOSE SUPPORTERS
JACKSON TOOK THE RISK
VETOS THE RENEWAL
BANK UNCONSTITUTIONAL
SUPREME COURT RULED IT WAS
JACKSON SAID ONLY ELECTED OFFICIALS CAN DETERMINE CONSTITUTIONALITY
COURT IS A CRUTCH
MONOPOLY THAT NEEDED TO BE BROKEN UP

32. BANK BECOMES THE ISSUE OF THE CAMPAIGN
HENRY CLAY RUNS AGAINST JACKSON (NATIONAL REPUBLICAN)
JACKSON’S A TYRANT
POWER HUNGRY
JACKSON’S PEOPLE (DEMOCRATS) CALL HIM A DEFENDER OF THE PEOPLE
JACKSON WINS!
MANDATE TO GET RID OF THE BANK
DEPOSITS GOVERNMENT FUNDS IN STATE BANKS
“PET BANKS”
BIDDLE
MAKES IT HARDER FOR PEOPLE TO BORROW MONEY
HOPED THE ECONOMIC HARDSHIP WOULD FORCE JACKSON’S HAND
PEOPLE RALLIED BEHIND JACKSON
BANK WENT OUT OF BUSINESS
THE ECONOMIC SUFFERED FROM THIS SQUABBLE

33. PROSPERITY TO PANIC WHAT A ROAD!
NATION DOING PRETTY SWELL DURING JACKSON’S LAST YEARS IN OFFICE
EASIER TO BORROW MONEY
PEOPLE TOOK OUT LOANS TO BUY PUBLIC LANDS
ECONOMY BOOMED IN RESPONSE
BUT (THERE’S ALWAYS A BUT)
“PET BANKS” ISSUED TOO MUCH PAPER MONEY
LARGER SUPPLY MEANT EACH DOLLAR WORTH LESS.
PRICES ROSE (INFLATION)
PRICES GO UP
VALUE OF MONEY GOES DOWN
JACKSON REQUIRED ALL LAND SALES TO BE IN GOLD OR SILVER
JACKSON LEAVES A BALLOON FOR AN ECONOMY READY TO BURST
MARTIN VAN BUREN (JACKSON’S VP) TAKES OVER IN 1836
PANIC OF 1837

34. DEPRESSION PANIC OF 1837 PEOPLE BANKS GOVERNMENT
DEMANDED THE BANKS EXCHANGE PAPER MONEY FOR GOLD OR SILVER
BANKS
RAN OUT OF GOLD AND SILVER
GOVERNMENT
TRIED TO GET ITS MONEY FROM STATE BANKS (NO MORE NATIONAL BANK REMEMBER)
BANKS COULD NOT PAY
BANKS WENT OUT OF BUSINESS
DEPRESSION

35. EFFECTS OF THE DEPRESSION
PEOPLE HAVE NO MONEY
MANUFACTURERS HAVE NO CUSTOMERS
90% OF FACTORIES CLOSE (IN THE EAST)
JOBLESS WORKERS HAVE NO CASH TO BUY ESSENTIALS
HUNGER
SHELTERS ON THE STREET ARISE
PEOPLE FROZE TO DEATH
EVERYONE AROUND THE COUNTRY SUFFERED
CITIES HIT HARDEST
FARMERS GREW THEIR OWN FOOD BUT NO BUYERS FOR EXCESS.
POLITICS TAKES A HIT

36. POLITICS AND THE DEPRESSION
CLAY AND WEBSTER WANT THE GOVERNMENT TO HELP THE ECONOMY
VAN BUREN THOUGHT THE ECONOMY WOULD FIX ITSELF
LESS GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE
BETTER FOR PROSPERITY IN THE LONG RUN.
HE GETS ALL THE BLAME (ONE TERMER)
VAN BUREN AND THE ELECTION OF 1840
NEW POLITICAL PARTY OPPOSES HIM THE WHIG PARTY
FOUNDED BY CLAY, WEBSTER, AND JACKSON’S ENEMIES
BASED ON BRITISH PARTY THAT OPPOSED THE CROWN
OPPOSED EXCESSIVE POWER IN THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH
CALLED JACKSON “KING ANDREW”
WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON AND JOHN TYLER OPPOSE VAN BUREN
HERO OF THE BATTLE THAT DEFEATED THE SHAWNEE
“TIPPECANOE AND TYLER TOO”
WHIGS FOCUSED ON PERSONALITIES OVER SUBSTANCE
APPEALED TO THE COMMON MAN
HARRISON WAS A FARMER
DEPICTED AS TRUE “WESTERNER”

37. AND THE RESULT! HARRISON WINS A NAIL BITER
INAUGURATION PROVES TO BE A REAL KILLER
HARRISON 68 YEARS OLD
TALKS FOR TWO HOURS
NO HAT OR COAT
COLD MARCH DAY
DIES A MONTH AFTER TAKING OFFICE OF PNEUMONIA
PRESIDENT TYLER
ELECTION PROVES THE IMPORTANCE OF THE WEST IN AMERICAN POLITICS

39. NEXT UP MANIFEST DESTINY WAR WITH MEXICO TEXAS REVOLTS GOLD RUSH
CIVIL WAR LOOMS BIG