1. History
Chapter 4 Study Guide

2. Objective 1.1
Columbus sailed west on his first expedition to find a shorter route to the Indies.
Columbus made more voyages to the West Indies because Spain wanted to start a colony in the West Indies, deliver people and animals to the new land, and the Spanish wanted the riches of the land.

3. Objective 1.2
The Columbian Exchange can be defined as the moving of people and their ways of life between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

4. Objective 1.2 The results of the Columbian Exchange includes:
Europeans bringing horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs to the Western Hemisphere
Europeans enjoying new foods from the Americas, such as corn, potatoes, tomatoes, cocoa, and beans
Many Indians dying from overwork and the disease brought over by the Europeans.

5. Objective 1.3
Columbus's voyages impacted the Americas by showing the Europeans the way to the Americas.

6. Objective 2.1
The factors that enabled Cortes to defeat the Aztecs were metal armor, muskets, horsed, and allies.

7. Objective 2.3
After Cortes conquered the Aztecs, Pizarro conquered the Incan empire.
Peru was the colony founded after the defeat of the Incan empire.

8. Objective 3.1
The first even to occur in Spain’s search for gold was that Cabeza de Vaca traveled to the American Southwest.
Coronado continued to search for Cibola in what is now New Mexico after Esteban’s death.

9. Objective 3.2
The sequence of the groups in New Spain’s colonial society from the most to the least powerful are the peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, Africans, and Indians.

10. Objective 3.3
An Indian’s life on an ecomienda was work without pay and the expectation that they would become Christians.

11. Objective 3.4
The Spanish landowners wanted to keep slaves because the slaves made them rich.
Las Casas’s point of view on Indian in the encomienda system was that he wanted all slavery to end.

12. Sequence of events that led to the Columbian Exchange
Spain sent Columbus on a westward expedition on which he discovered the Americas.
On late expeditions, he brought settlers, animals, and other supplies.
Spain started the colon of New Spain in the Americas.

13. Allies helped Cortes conquer the Aztecs
Allies helped the Spanish conquistadors communicate; get directions; and obtain food, shelter, supplies, and additional forces to conquer the Aztecs.

14. How might the Aztec and Incan people felt about these events:
The Spanish explorers conquered Indian empires to gain land and riches.
How might the Aztec and Incan people felt about these events:
May have feared an end to their ways of life and safety
May have saw opportunities to advance and become part of the new culture taking over their land

15. Colonial Society in New Spain
The society in New Spain was organized by ancestry.
Those coming from Spain – peninsulares-had the greatest status and power.
Those who had no Spanish blood, like the Indians and Africans, held the lowest position.

16. Spain-One of the most powerful countries in the world in the 1600’s
Spain established colonies and built profitable settlements.
The profits from the plantations and mines in the colonies helped make Spain one of the richest and most powerful countries in the world.