1. Antebellum Industry and Expansion
Chapter 14

2. Objective #1
Describe the movement and growth of America’s population in the early nineteenth century.

3. Objective #2
Describe the early development of the factory system and Eli Whitney’s contributions.

4. Objective #3
Explain the effect of early industrialism on workers, including women and children

5. Objective #4
Describe the impact of new technology and transportation systems on American business and agriculture.

6. Objective #5
Describe the sequence of major transportation and communication systems that developed from 1790 and 1860 and indicate their economic consequences.

7. Objective #6
Describe the effects of the market revolution on the American economy, including the new disparities between rich and poor.

8. Economic Growth ( )
Move away from agriculture towards industry and technology
Agriculture still dominates overall
Per capita income doubles between
Population still doubling every 25 years
Had 33 states by 1860

9. Factors that led to growth
Abundance of natural resources and raw materials
New workers/consumers
Women
Immigrants
Transportation improvements allowed for more distant markets, expansion

10. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA
By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

11. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

12. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
1807: The Clermont

13. Erie Canal System

14. Erie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

15. Principal Canals in 1840

16. Inland Freight Rates

17. Clipper Ships

18. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR By 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

19. The Railroad Revolution, 1850s
Led to growth of big cities (Chicago)
Encouraged expansion, while binding U.S. together

20. Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try anything.
They were first copiers, then innovators.
1800  41 patents were approved.
1860  4,357 “ “ “

21. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

22. First prototype of the locomotive
Oliver Evans
First automated flour mill
First prototype of the locomotive

23. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837)

24. Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

25. Agricultural Specialization
New England= Dairy
Midwest = Grain
South = Cotton, Tobacco

26. Changing Occupation Distributions: 1820 - 1860

27. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s Sewing Machine

28. Samuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph

29. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

30. The “American Dream”
They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise.
A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:
Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

31. Industrial Advancement
Innovations in transportation, agriculture, communication meant increased urban population
: Production reorganized into factories
Market Revolution: National network of industry and commerce

32. 1820 Manufacturing 2/3 of clothing made in home Domestic System
Gain raw materials used in production
Distribute materials to workers
Pay them piecemeal
Very slow
Pay is low
Prices of goods are high

33. Changes in Manufacturing
Factories allow for all steps of production to be centralized
Cheap land to build factories
Immigration brings workers
Efficiency = less expensive goods
Use of power drive tools

34. Samuel Slater (“Father of the Factory System”)

35. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

36. Factory Working Conditions
Long hours
Low pay
Unsafe and unsanitary
Government did very little to regulate
Unions were usually outlawed in 1820s
Children made up a high percentage of workers

37. Jackson and Van Buren
Politicians begin listening to “common man” as they participate more in politics
Van Buren establishes 10-hr. day for federal employees in 1840
More unions in 1830s
Over 300,000 strikes 1830s
Unions usually unsuccessful due to strength of employers, ease of finding replacements
Panic of 1837 killed labor movement

38. Commonwealth v. Hunt
1842: U.S. Supreme Court legalized unions stating they were honorable and peaceful

39. Improved technology in Printing
Adopted and improved upon British inventions
Drives cost of books down
Increased number of books
Increased literacy
Book business was $10 million/yr. business by 1850

40. In the South
Majority of cotton went to England, but larger amounts going North
Cotton dominates
Increased need for slavery

41. Textile Manufacturing
Leading U.S. industry
Centered in New England and Mid-Atlantic
Swift streams
Ease of trade
Large urban populations
Poor farmland
71% of manufacturing went on in New England by 1860

42. New England Textile Centers: 1830s

43. New England Dominance in Textiles

44. The Lowell/Waltham System: First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town

45. Lowell Mill

46. Lowell in 1850

47. Early Textile Loom

48. Lowell Women Made up 70% of work force
First women to labor outside of home in large numbers
Gave unmarried women the chance to leave the farm
60% of Lowell’s workers were women between 15-29

49. Lowell’s Working Conditions
Paid relatively well ($2.40-$3.20/wk)
Domestic servants (&.75/wk)
Seamstresses ($.90/wk)
12 hour days/6 days per week
Women often viewed this as a temporary job

50. Lowell Girls

51. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

52. Strict living Conditions
Curfews
Little Privacy
4-6 girls in a room
Doors locked
Windows nailed
Bad lighting and ventilation
Very little job mobility

53. 1834: Hard Times Hit Lowell Falling prices, poor sales, lower profits
Owners cut salaries by 15%
Attempt to unionize and strike failed
Ease of replacements
Some wanted job
Short tenure of workers

54. Lowell turns to Immigrants
Immigration meant glut of workers
Would work less than women
By 1860: 50% of workers were Irish immigrants (8% in 1845)

55. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

56. American Population Centers in 1820

57. American Population Centers in 1860

58. Immigration Increases
1820: 128,000 immigrants
1860: 2.8 million
Increases mean more job competition
Increased nativism

59. National Origin of Immigrants: 1820 - 1860
Why now?

60. “The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”
Know-Nothing Party:
“The Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner”

61. Women Working Outside of Home
Usually worked as nurses, domestic servants or teachers
1850: 10% of women worked outside of home
“Cult of Domesticity” glorified role of women as homemaker

62. Antebellum Cincinnati, OH
1840: 3rd largest industrial center
Wide variety of industries: machine parts, hardware, furniture, cigars, meat industry, riverboat builders, blacksmiths, artisans, etc.
New and old ways co-existed
Most were artisans
20% of work force worked in factories
Will follow same patterns as rest of country: more factories, gap between rich and poor growing, etc. by 1860

63. Impact of Immigration on Cincinnati
By 1850, 50% of Cincinnati residents were German or descended from Germans.