1. Facing War and Making Peace: 1701-1783

2. Facing War and Making Peace
War: Mi’kmaq Wars,
Peace: Articles of Peace and Friendship
War: Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763
Peace: Proclamation of 1763

3. What is a Treaty?

4. United Nations’ Definition of Treaty
An international agreement concluded between States and governed by international law…
Vienna Convention, 1969

5. Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1994)
Considering that treaties, agreements and other arrangements between States and indigenous peoples are properly matters of international concern and responsibility,

6. Draft Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (1994)
Article 36 Indigenous peoples have the right to the recognition, observance and enforcement of treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements concluded with States or their successors, according to their original spirit and intent, and to have States honour and respect such treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements. Conflicts and disputes which cannot otherwise be settled should be submitted to competent international bodies agreed to by all parties concerned.

7. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007)
Considering that the rights affirmed in treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements between States and indigenous peoples are, in some situations, matters of international concern, interest, responsibility and character,

8. Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007)
Article 37
Indigenous peoples have the right to the recognition, observance and enforcement of treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements concluded with States or their successors and to have States honour and respect such treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements.

9. Assembly of First Nations’ Definition of Treaty
The Government of Canada and the courts understand treaties between the Crown and Aboriginal people to be solemn agreements that set out promises, obligations and benefits for both parties.
AFN website,

11. Mi’kmaq, 1713-1761 Review: Who are the Mi’kmaq?
The British in Nova Scotia after 1713
British-Mi’kmaq relations after 1713
Articles of Peace and Friendship, 1725
The establishment of Halifax, 1749
Articles of Peace and Friendship, 1752

12. Major Court Rulings, to 1999
R. v. Syliboy (1928)
R. v. Simon (1958)
R. v. Simon (1985)
R. v. Marshall (1999)

13. Is the Crown at War with Us? Filmmaker: Alanis Obomsawin