1. And Cobalt as a critical material for tomorrow’s energy storage
And Cobalt as a critical material for tomorrow’s energy storage? Ton Bastein

2. Vulnerability issues for li-ion batteries
Energy storage and batteries: materials to focus on: lithium and cobalt
Critical materials view
Production concentration
Materials as by-products
Current and forecasted production and use
What about the supply chain?
2 Raw Materials Conference 2017
June 23rd, 2017

3. Materials for power storage
Cathode Li Co Ni
LFP
120 -
NMC
180
293
289
NCA
124
659
LMO
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5. Where does lithium come from?
350 ton from EU-28
lithium production capacity:
49,400 tons in 2015;
capacity utilization was estimated to be 64% in 2015 and 71% in 2016
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June 23rd, 2017

6. Where does cobalt come from? Cobalt ore refined cobalt
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7. Geopolitical risks: cobalt
Cobalt is mined (>50%) in Congo
Not an extreme monopoly
Congo has a questionable reputation
Low HDI
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June 23rd, 2017

8. Criticality assessments for Li and co
Security of supply critical if:
Monopoly
Trade restrictions
Mediocre governance
Absence of recycling
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June 23rd, 2017

9. Where is lithium used for?
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10. Lithium production and application over the years
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11. Prediction of lithium demand until 2035 (only based on li-ion batteries for ev)
Fraunhofer/DERA, July 2016
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June 23rd, 2017

12. Cobalt production and application over the years
2 | Raw Materials Conference 2017
June 23rd, 2017

13. Prediction of cobalt demand until 2035 (only based on batteries for ev)
Fraunhofer/DERA, July 2016
2 | Raw Materials Conference 2017
June 23rd, 2017

14. Cobalt: Depending on host metals
Cobalt is a ‘companion’metal:
50% is mined as a by-product from Ni
35% is mined as a by-product from Cu
Between 2000 and 2012 the production of Co grew 2x as fast as then production of hosts.
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June 23rd, 2017

15. A vulnerable value chain in europe?
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June 23rd, 2017

16. Bedankt voor uw aandacht
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