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Standard 6: Solutions chapter 16
Chemistry Ms. Siddall
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vocabulary 8. Saturated solution Aqueous solution
9. Unsaturated solution 10. Miscible 11. Immiscible 12. Concentration 13. Dilute solution 14. Concentrated solution 15. Molarity Aqueous solution Solvent Solute Solvation Electrolyte Solubility Solution
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Standard 6a: solution definitions
Solution: a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances in the same physical state. Properties: Particles are small Particles are evenly mixed Particles will not separate Examples: air (nitrogen & oxygen) Gatorade (water, sugar, etc) NaCl(aq) (salt & water)
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Summary 1 Is muddy water a solution? Why/why not?
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Solute: substance that is dissolved e.x. sugar
Solvent: does the dissolving e.x. water Concentration: The amount of solute in a given amount of solvent e.x. [HCl] (aq) = aqueous = A solution where water is the solvent
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Summary 2 Consider lemonade. What is the solvent?
What are the solutes?
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Standard 6b: Dissolving Process
+ + Solvent: H2O molecules with dipole Solute: Ionic crystal lattice -
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Water molecules move away (diffusion) so the process is repeated
Polar H2O molecules surround positive and negative ions and break apart crystal lattice Water molecules move away (diffusion) so the process is repeated Show animation
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Summary 3 Explain how water dissolves ionic compounds
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It takes energy to break bonds
Energy needed to overcome lattice energy NaCl(s) Energy released during dissolving energy NaCl(aq) Dissolving
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Summary 4 Does the energy diagram for dissolving NaCl represent an
endothermic or exothermic process? Explain your answer.
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Saturated solution: A solvent can not dissolve any more solute
A saturated solution is at equilibrium. Particles are dissolving and precipitating at the same rate NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
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Summary 5 Does the dissolving process stop at equilibrium? Explain why/why not.
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Standard 6c: Factors that affect the dissolving process
Some factors affect solubility (how much solute is dissolved) Some factors affect rate (how fast solute is dissolved) Some factors affect rate and solubility
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Standard 6c: Factors that affect the dissolving process
Factors affecting how much solute is dissolved 1. Type of solvent / solute Polar solvents dissolve polar & ionic solutes Non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar & covalent solutes e.x oil and water do not mix
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Summary 6 Is oil a polar compound or a non polar compound? How do you know?
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2. Temperature For solids: Temperature solubility Temperature increases kinetic energy of solvent particles therefore more solute can be dissolved For gases: Temperature solubility Temperature increases the kinetic energy of solute particles therefore more particles escape from solution
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Summary 7 Why does the solubility of gas in solution decrease with increasing temperature?
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3. Pressure (Gasses Only!)
Increasing pressure forces more gas into solution Pressure solubility Pressure solubility low pressure High pressure Gas air solution
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Summary 8 Does the concentration of carbon dioxide in your soda increase or decrease when you open the bottle? Why?
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Factors that affect the rate of solubility (how quickly something dissolves)
1. Temperature: T rate T rate Increasing temperature increases kinetic energy = increased motion = increased diffusion
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2. Surface Area (particle size):
S.A. (particle size ) rate S.A. (particle size ) rate Increasing surface area increases opportunity for interaction between solute and solvent
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3. Stirring: stirring rate stirring rate Stirring increases particle motion so more particles can be dissolved at the surface of the solid
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Summary 9 Name one factor that affects only solubility
Name one factor that affects only rate Name one factor that affects rate and solubility
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Standard 6d: calculations
Molarity (mol/L) Molarity = Moles solute Liters solution Grams per Liter (g/L) = Grams solute Liters solution Percent Composition (%) grams solute x 100% grams solution Parts Per Million (ppm) grams solute x 106 grams solution
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