1. II III I Hydrogen Bonding and The Nature of Solutions Ch. 13 & 14 - Solutions 1

2. Hydrogen Bonding  A hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly electronegative atom (such as oxygen) is attracted to an unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby molecule 2

3. Hydrogen Bonding  Due to the small size of the hydrogen atom, it can become very close to an unshared pair of electrons on the adjacent molecule  Compounds with this type of force have unusually high boiling points. 3

4. Hydrogen bonding  Hydrogen bonding is what gives water its unusual properties such as : High boiling point/ melting point Great surface tension Amphoteric (can be an acid or a base.) High polarity Known as “the universal solvent” 4

5. Hydrogen bonding 5

6. A. Definitions  Solution -  Solution - homogeneous mixture Solvent Solvent - present in greater amount Solute Solute - substance being dissolved 6

7. A. Definitions Solute Solute - KMnO 4 Solvent Solvent - H 2 O 7

8. B. Solvation  Solvation –  Solvation – the process of dissolving solute particles are separated and pulled into solution solute particles are surrounded by solvent particles 8

9. B. Solvation Strong Electrolyte Non- Electrolyte solute exists as ions only - + salt - + sugar solute exists as molecules only - + acetic acid Weak Electrolyte solute exists as ions and molecules DISSOCIATIONIONIZATION View animation online.animation 9

10. B. Solvation  Dissociation separation of an ionic solid into aqueous ions NaCl(s)  Na + (aq) + Cl – (aq) 10

11. B. Solvation  Ionization breaking apart of some polar molecules into aqueous ions HNO 3 (aq) + H 2 O(l)  H 3 O + (aq) + NO 3 – (aq) 11

12. B. Solvation  Molecular Solvation molecules stay intact C 6 H 12 O 6 (s)  C 6 H 12 O 6 (aq) 12

13. B. Solvation NONPOLAR POLAR “Like Dissolves Like” 13

14. B. Solvation  Soap/Detergent polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail” dissolves nonpolar grease in polar water 14

15. C. Solubility SATURATED SOLUTION no more solute dissolves UNSATURATED SOLUTION more solute dissolves SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION becomes unstable, crystals form concentration 15

16. C. Solubility  Solubility maximum grams of solute that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature varies with temp based on a saturated solution 16

17. C. Solubility  Solubility Curve shows the dependence of solubility on temperature 17

18. C. Solubility  Solids are more soluble at... high temperatures.  Gases are more soluble at... low temperatures & high pressures (Henry’s Law). EX: nitrogen narcosis, the “bends,” soda 18