1. Building Planning and Drawing
Divya N
Assistant Professor
ACED

2. Contents Introduction to building drawing
Requirements of a good drawing
Conventional Signs
Plan, Section and Elevation
Components of a building
Foundation

3. Building Drawing
Drawing is the language of engineers. An engineer must be well versed with drawings. Drawings represent the reduced shape of a structure.
Drawings are prepared as per the requirements of owner.
In case of public buildings, the functional aspects are studied and accordingly the drawings are prepared as per recommendations laid down in National Building Code (N.B.C) or as per Indian Standard specifications.

4. Requirements for a good drawing
Drawing should be clear, simple and clean.
Should agree with the actual measurements by the accurately drawn scaled measurements.
Exact information should be provided in order to carry out the work at site.
Only minimum notes to support the drawings should be indicated in the drawings.
Sufficient space should be provided between the views so as to mark the dimensions without crowding.

5. Conventional Signs

6. Plan
Plan of building represents a horizontal section of building at given height seen from top.
It is a general convention to imagine that the building has been cut down by a horizontal plane at the sill level of the window and is seen from the top after removal of the so cut part.
The plan shows the arrangement of rooms, verandah or corridor, position of door, and window and other openings along with their respective sizes.

7. Section
Section is also known as vertical section and sectional elevation or cross section.
It is imagined that a finished buildings is cut vertically along a line so that the building is separated into two portions along the imagined vertical plane right from top of the building to the lowest part of foundation.
The view that can be seen while travelling along this imaginary vertical plane when looking towards left is drawn to the same scale as that adopted for the plan.

8. Elevation
Elevation or front view is the outward view of a completed building along any side of the building.
When a building is seen by standing in front of it, the view that can be viewed is known as front elevation.
Similarly backside view is called rear elevation or from any side of it which is known as side elevation.

10. Components of a Building
Sub-structure
Also called foundation, consists of the footing below the ground level
Super-structure
Consists of all parts of a building above the ground level
Walls, roofs, floors, columns, building finishes, lifts/stairs, electrical fittings, doors, windows etc

11. Foundation
The component of a building below the ground level that distributes the structural load over a large area is called the Foundation.
The depth of the foundation is the vertical height below ground level up to the bottom of the concrete bed.
The depth of the foundation depends upon:
Bearing capacity
Shrinkage and swelling properties of soil
Depth of water-table
Depth of frost penetration
As per NBC depth of foundation shall not be less than 500mm.
Note: Plinth is the portion of the structure between the surrounding ground level and the surface of the floor level immediately above the ground. The level of the plinth is usually called as plinth level and the built up area at the floor level is known as plinth area.
The plinth height in any case shall not be less than 450mm.

12. Note 1
The basic function of a foundation is to transmit the dead loads, live loads and other loads to the subsoil on which it rests in such a way that: (a) settlements are within permissible limits, without causing cracks in the super-structure and (b) soil does not fail in shear Since it remains below the ground level, the signs of failure are not noticeable until it has already affected the building. It should therefore be designed very carefully.

13. Note 2
Plinth is the portion of the structure between the surrounding ground level and the surface of the floor level immediately above the ground.
The level of the plinth is usually called as “plinth level” and the built up area at the floor level is known as “plinth area”.
The plinth height in any case shall not be less than 450mm.

14. Types of Foundation Shallow foundations Deep foundations
Spread Footing
Wall footing
Reinforced Concrete footing
Inverted Arch footing
Column footing
Grillage Foundation
Eccentrically Loaded footings
Combined footings
Mat or Raft foundation
Deep foundations
Pile
Cofferdams
Caisson

15. Isolated Footing

16. Isolated RCC footing

17. RCC Column Footing

18. Comparison: Stepped Footing and Simple Footing for a column

19. RCC Column footings:

21. At site: for representation purpose only

22. At site:

23. Draw the stepped footing for a brick wall of 400 mm thickness
Draw the stepped footing for a brick wall of 400 mm thickness. The specifications of the footing will be given.
Draw the isolated column footing which has reinforcement.