1. Instructional Technology
Lockias Chitanana
Department of Educational Technology

2. Chapter Objectives Definitions of educational technology
Identifying the component parts of a computer system
Functions of a given systems device
Classifying computer software
Describing the contributions of educational technologists
Classifying educational technology products

3. Technology in Education:
Concepts and Definitions
Educational Technology has no agreed upon definition.

4. “Technology is commonly thought of in terms of gadgets, instrument, machines, and devices….most (educators) will defer to technology as computers” -- Muffoletto(1994)-p.5 Integrating Education Technology into Teaching (IETIT)

5. “Only about a decade ago, a history of technology in education since 1920 placed the emphasis on radio and television, with computers as an afterthought .” --Cuban, 1986 (IETIT) p.5

6. However, Saettler (1990) urges “The historical function of educational technology is a process rather than a product.”

7. Any useful definition of educational technology, therefore, must focus on the process of applying tools for educational purposes, and the materials used.

8. In education, the combination of process and product merges instructional procedures with instructional tools.

9. Technology in Education as Media and Audiovisual Communications

10. Audiovisual movement: ways of delivering information that could be used as alternatives to lectures and books.
Audiovisual communications: the “branch of educational theory and practice concerned primarily with the design and use of messages which control the learning process.” (Saettler, IETIE,p6)
AECT- Association for Ed. Commo. and Technology.

11. Technology in Education as Instructional Systems

12. 1960s and 1970s
Human and non-human resources
( teachers and media).
Systematic approach to designing, developing, and delivering instruction matched to carefully identified needs.
International Society for Performance Improvement.
Validating and creating instruction.

13. Technology in Education as Vocational Training Tools

14. Technology in Education:
1. School learning prepares students for the world of work.
2. Vocational training can be a practical means of teaching.
ITEA (International Technology Education Association).

15. Technology in Education as Computers and Computer-based Systems

16. Instructional and supportive applications of computers.
Computers began to be used in classrooms in 1960s until and was known as educational computing.
By the mid-1990s, educational computing became known as educational technology.
ISTE (International Society for Technology in Education) holds the following views:

17. Approaches to Technology in Education

18. SELECTING THE RIGHT MEDIA
Messages/subject-matter of the content
Objectives (introducing, motivating, training)
Audiences ( age, gender, occupation/profession, educational level, learning style, skills, experiences, needs)
Setting ( Group size , location, seating arrangement)
Mood/atmosphere ( informal, formal, intense etc.)
Resources ( equipment, facilities, costs)
Time constraint ( preparation, usage)
Your skills, preferences, experiences

19. A good aid is like a window, it should not call attention to itself, it should just let in the light.
Reading by the window light the pale little fairy sprite dreamt of worlds where fairy girls Could have their way at will
A magic land with skies of pink, and moonlit nights as black as ink, where but to dream was but to be, and dreams was vast and deep

20. WHY USE INSTRUCTIONAL TECHNOLOGY
43 % more likely to be persuaded ( UNIV OF MINNESOTA)
Learning is improved up to 200 % ( UNIV OF WISCONSIN)
Retention is improved up to 38 % ( HARVARD & COLUMBIA)
Time to explain complex subject is reduced by 25 – 40 % ( WHARTON SCHOOL OF BUSINESS)
More interesting
More persuasive
Better prepared
More professional
More credible
SOURCE: Peoples, David A. Presentations plus

21. EFFECTIVE MEDIA Clarifying concepts or data
Highlights most significant point
Increasing audience retention
Focusing audience attention
Creating interest
Stimulating thoughts
Injecting humor

22. An emphasis on Computer Systems
Computers as media are becoming more complex and more capable.
Computer systems are subsuming other forms of media.
The perceived complexity of computer-based systems has made it more difficult for educators to effectively integrate software and computer media into classrooms.

23. Background on Computer-based Educational Technology

24. Providing the Electronic Capability Communicating with the Hardware
What’s a Computer??
Hardware
Providing the Electronic Capability
Software
Communicating with the Hardware
Any electromechanical device that accepts input, processes input and produces output.

25. Software in a Computer System
Systems Software ( Types of Operating Systems)
Applications Software (used for Education, Entertainment, or Edutainment)

26. Systems Software (Types of Operating Systems)
Unix
Ms-DOS
Apple Dos, ProDOS
Macintosh DOS, System 7
Windows 95

27. Applications Software for Education
Tool Software:
1. Word Processing
2. Spreadsheets
3. Database Management
4. Integrated Packages
5. Graphics Software
6. Communications Software
7. Other Tools

28. Applications Software for Education( cont.)
Programming Software:
1. BASIC
2. Logo
3. FORTRAN
4. COBOL, SNOBOL
5. C
6. Pascal
7. PL/1

29. Applications Software for Education( cont.)
Courseware:
1. Tutorial
2. Drill & Practice
3. Simulation
4. Instructional Games
5. Problem Solving

30. Hardware: Providing the Electronic Capability
1. Input functions:
Keyboard
Mouse
Joystick and game paddle
Bar-code reader
Scanner
Touch screen and light pen

31. Hardware: Providing the Electronic Capability (cont.)
2. Output Functions
Printers
Monitors
3. Input and Output Functions
Disk drives

32. The CPU’s Steps
Step 1.
The controller gets an instruction from the system’s internal memory and puts it in a register.
Step 2.
The controller directs the ALU to do necessary computations.
Step 3.
The controller gets the result from the register and stores it once again in internal memory.

33. CPU Central Processing Unit
ALU : stands for Arithmetic/Logic
Unit
Control Unit: directs the activities of
the whole system.

34. The Internal and External Memory and Communication Functions
The internal memory functions:
A limited amount of space is arranged inside the computer for storage of instructions. For example: RAM and ROM.
The external memory functions:
External storage devices can store larger quantities of information. For Example: Hard Disks and CD-ROM.

35. The Internal and External Memory and Communications Functions
The communications function is optional, but it is vital for communicating with other systems. For example: Modem and Fax.

36. Software: Communicating with the Hardware
Programming Languages:
Low-Level languages (Machine and Assembly).
High-Level languages (Java, Cobol, VC++ and Fortran ).

37. Types of Software Systems Software Applications Software
Acts as a visible interface between the machine and the user.
Applications Software
Programs written to do tasks, such as word processing or drawing pictures.

38. Software Design Step 1. Analyzing the problem
Step 2. Developing the algorithm
Step 3. Coding
Step 4. Testing
Step 5. Revising and Debugging

39. Types of Computer Systems
Personal Computers
Mini and Mainframe Computers
Supercomputers
Cost , the number of users that can be supported, size, speed, and storage capacity distinguish between these.

40. The Developments During the Period before Microcomputer
IBM 1500 system in universities and
Stanford University and the CCC
Control Data Corporation (CDC) and the PLATO System
Brigham Young University and the TICCIT System
Computerized instructional management systems

41. The “Microcomputer Revolution” in Education
The Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium (MECC) and the software publishing movement.
MicroSIFT, EPIE, and other courseware evaluation efforts.
Courseware authoring activities.

42. The “Microcomputer Revolution” in Education (cont.)
The Computer Literacy Movement
Logo and Problem-Solving
The emergence of integrated learning systems.

43. What Have We learned from the Past ?
Direct technology resources to specific problems and needs
Anticipate and plan for change
Separate fad from fact

44. Current Types of Educational Technology Systems

45. Standalone Personal Computers
Portable units (PDAs)
Workstations
Labs

46. Networked Stations: From LANs to MANs
“Networks are for sharing”(Kee 1994), and this sharing was designed to make computing activities more efficient and cost-effective.
A network centralizes resources and cuts down on handling of individual disks.

47. Types of LANs
Physical design

48. Types of LANs (Cont.)
Physical design

49. Types of LANs (Cont.)
Physical design

50. Function (transmission method or protocol)
Types of LANs (Cont.)
Function (transmission method or protocol)
* Token ring method
* Ethernet method

51. Three kinds of cable for connecting LANs
Coaxial cable: Designed to transfer signals with minimal interference.
Twisted pair cable: An inexpensive way of handling ARCnet, Ethernet, and token ring connections.
Fiber optic cable:Allow networks to send large amounts of information at high speeds.

52. Current Applications of Educational Technology Systems

53. Instructional Technology Applications:
--Instructional software
--Interactive video-based materials
--Courses through distance learning
Productivity Tools:
--Prepare print instructional materials
--Keep records and analyze data
--Prepare and make instructional and informative presentations
--Organize time and materials
Instructional Technology Applications:

54. Tools for Students: -- Writing assignments -- Helping with research
-- Assisting with learning tasks in various content areas
-- Developing products and presentations.

55. Computer Based Instruction
CAD, CD-rom
Internet- based ( , searching, listserv.)
Web-based learning ( WEB-CT, Blackboard, e-college):
chat room
Bulletin board
Coarse materials

56. INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA & TEACHING METHOD
Presentation/Lecture
Demonstration
Drill & practice
Tutorial
Gaming/simulation
Discovery
Problem solving

57. -- The End --