1. Industrializing America: Corporations and Conflict
Industrializing America: Corporations and Conflict

2. John D. Rockefeller Standard Oil

3. Andrew Carnegie
Largest steel manufacturer in the world at the time. Sold his company in 1901 for over $400 million dollars

4. Samuel Gompers Labor Organizer American Federation of Labor
Through organization, fought for and won shorter work days and higher wages
Supporter of Chinese Exclusion Act

5. You need to be familiar with:
Trusts
Labor Unions
Vertical/Horizontal Integration
Scientific Management
Mass Production
Immigration in the late 1880’s
Knights of Labor
American Federation of Labor
Haymarket Square/Anarchism
Farmer’s Alliance

6. Haymarket Riot 1886
Chicago has a huge number of immigrants at this time and is a hotbed for labor union activity (Knights of Labor are a big presence)
Chicago also has a large number of Anarchists (people who advocate for society without a government). Many of the Anarchists were immigrants.

7. Haymarket Riot
A protest is called by local Anarchist leaders in Haymarket Square to protest the death of 4 strikers killed in clashes with police the previous day.
A crowd of 2000 people gather to listen to several different speakers, the main one being Anarchist Albert Parsons
As the police move in to disperse the crowd, a bomb is thrown into the line of police and a riot ensues

9. Albert Parsons
Newspaper editor
Former Confederate Civil War soldier
Labor Activist
Advocate of the 8- hour work day
Socialist and later an Anarchist

10. Haymarket
The day after the incident, eight prominent Chicago anarchists are arrested and charged with conspiracy to commit murder. Only two of the men were present at the incident
The trial is characterized by hysteria, anti-immigrant sentiment, anti-labor sentiment, and no member of the jury is a member of a labor union
Seven are sentenced to death, four are executed, one commits suicide, the others have their sentences commuted down the road.

11. Leaflet circulated throughout working neighborhoods of Chicago after the incident
How does it depict the Anarchists?

12. Significance of Haymarket
In many places, people became more hostile to labor activists because of the rhetoric of many socialist/anarchists and the violence that often comes with Strikes
But on the labor side, workers become even more united in the fight for the 8-hour work day.
Knights of Labor membership increases from 20,000 to 40,000 members
On the one year anniversary of the Haymarket Riot, marches called “May Day” happen all over the country advocating for the 8-hour day.
By the 1890’s some industries adopt the 8-hour day, but it won’t be law for all industries until 1916 (Adamson Act)

14. Homestead Strike 1892
Famous steel mill belonging to Carnegie outside Pittsburgh
The workers at Homestead are organized into a Union, and their contract is about to expire.
Carnegie and his right hand man Frick have no intention of signing another contract with the Union. They want each man to negotiate and sign a contract individually.
Carnegie is on holiday in Europe, and leaves Frick in charge
Frick anticipates a strike, and starts fortifying the Homestead Mill with fences and guard towers.

16. Homestead Frick locks the doors to the Mill and keeps the Strikers out
In response, the thousands of workers at Homestead form into military style patrols along the river and in town to keep out strikebreakers (like cops and private security guards) and scabs (non union workers)
Frick orders up hundreds of non union workers and a private security force called the Pinkertons to protect them
As the Pinkertons and the non-union labor arrive at the Mill on barges on the river, the strikers will not let them off.
A shot is fired an a major gun battle ensues. All Pinkertons end up trapped in the middle of the river with several dead
The Strikers take over the Mill and destroy a bunch of property

18. An armed striker hides behind a piece of steel as he watches the Pinkertons

19. Impacts of Homestead
A disgruntled striker will actually go into Frick’s office and shoots him twice. Frick survives and the general public is appalled by the violence and seizure of Carnegie's Mill
The incident leaves a negative impression of the strikers and organized labor for many Americans
The Steel Workers Union in Carnegie's Mill’s is incredibly weakened, and almost gone by 1900
The effect will carry over into other unions

20. What does Homestead and Haymarket tell us about American Society in the late 1800’s?