1. Workers Organize An Industrial Society 1860-1914 Chapter 20, Section 4

3. Essential Questions What are the responsibilities of business leaders who own companies to their employees (workers)? How have the rights and benefits gained by unions during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s benefited workers in the United States today?

4. Mary Harris “Mother” Jones Labor Leader! –Fought for Workers Rights! Organized Meetings, Gave Speeches, Helped Striking Workers Lost Her Family to Yellow Fever, Then Her Business Years Later to the Great Chicago Fire of 1871

5. Keeping High Profits $$$ CHEAPLYBusiness Owners Ran Their Factories as CHEAPLY as Possible: Required Workers to Buy Their Own Tools & Bring Their Own Coal to Stay Warm (Wouldn’t Turn on Heat in Factories) Save $$$ Refused to Buy Safety Equipment –No Air Brakes –30,000 People Injured –2,000 Killed Per Year

6. Sweatshops Places Where Workers Worked Long Hours Poor Working Conditions (Unsafe) & Low Wages Children & Adults Worked in Sweatshops

12. Factory Workers in 1880’s Workers Did the Same Job All Day Long! Grew Bored = DANGEROUS Workers Got Paid Less Than $10 Per Week –What’s WRONG with This? If Worker Was Sick or Injured on the Job, FIRED!

13. What’s Wrong Here?

17. The Birth of Labor Unions Unhappy Workers Started to Join Together to Improve Their Lives Formed Labor Unions Negotiated/Fought with Business Owners to Obtain Better Pay & Safer Working Conditions

19. The Knights of Labor One of the 1 st Labor Unions Ever to Fight for Workers Rights Allowed Women & African Americans into the Union Didn’t Care About Gender or Race, Just Workers Rights! Inspired People to Join!

20. U.S. Depression of 1873 4U.S. Went Through a Depression for 4 Years Millions of Workers Had Their Wages Cut 1/5 th (20%) of Workers Lost Their Jobs!

21. The B & O Railroad Strike (The Railroad Strike of 1877) In 1877, The B & O Railroad Company Cut Workers Wages by 10% The B & O Railroad Workers Went on Strike No Railroads Operated! Other Railroad Workers Heard About the Strike & Went on Strike Too! –The Country Came to a Halt!

26. The Railroad Strike of 1877 All Railroads Came to a Halt in the United States! No Railroads = No Transportation = No Trade = No $$$ September 11 th Phone Calls What Did President Rutherford B. Hayes Do?

30. Railroad Strike of 1884-1885 In 1884-1885, Railroad Workers Went on Strike Against the Union Pacific Railroads Workers Were Members of the Knights of Labor The Union Won Better Wages for Workers! As a Result, Union Membership Increased!

31. Socialism An Economic System in Which ALL Members of a Country are Equal Owners of All the Businesses! Everyone Gets Paid Equal! –Doesn’t Matter What Type of Job You Have! Everyone Shares the Work & the Profits: –No Rich, No Poor, No Middle Class!

34. Anarchy/Anarchists Anarchists Want No Government at ALL! They Want to Abolish All Governments! Very Extreme!

35. Fear of Socialism/Anarchy If YOU Owned Your Own Business/ Factory, Why Would You Be Afraid of Unions??? Strikes??? Socialism???

36. The Haymarket Affair In Chicago (1886), The McCormick Harvester Company Fired Striking Workers Hired Strikebreakers (Non Union Workers) (Scabs) to Work Union Members (Strikers) & Strikebreakers & Police Fought! 1 Person Was Killed!

37. The Haymarket Affair The Next Day, Union Members Called for a Huge Rally to Protest the Scabs! Police Moved in to End the Rally! 7Someone Threw a Bomb! 7 Cops Were Killed, 60 People Wounded Police Opened Fire on the Crowd!

40. Results of the Haymarket Affair After the Haymarket Affair, Police Arrested Hundreds of Union Leaders, Socialists & Anarchists People Hated Unions! Blamed Them for the Violence! Union Membership Decreased!

41. The Homestead Strike In 1892, Andrew Carnegie Cut Wages at Steel Mill in Homestead, Penn. Union Did Not Accept the Pay Cut! Carnegie Locked Out the Workers: –Hired Strikebreakers! Hired 300 Armed Guards to Protect the Scabs!

44. The Homestead Strike Locked Out Workers Went Home & Came Back with Weapons! Battle Broke Out! 10 People Were Killed! 4Penn. State Troopers Had to Escort Scabs into the Steel Mill for 4 Months. –Protect Scabs from the Locked Out Workers Strike Failed! Union Looked Weak!

46. The Pullman Strike In 1894, The Pullman Palace Car Company (Railroad Co.) Cut Workers Pay 25% The Company Did Not Lower Rent for Workers Staying in Company Apartment Buildings Workers Made Almost Nothing After Paying Rent! Workers Went on Strike!

48. The Pullman Strike In 1894, Eugene Debs (Union President), Called for All Railroad Workers to go on Strike! Shut Down the Country! Workers Used Violence! President Grover Cleveland Had to Call Out the U.S. Army to End the Strike –Debs Was Thrown in Jail!

52. Proctor & Gamble Proctor & Gamble Took a Different Approach: –Gave Employees an Extra ½ Day Off –Started a Profit Sharing Plan with Employees –Gave Employees Some of Their Salary in Shares of Stock –WHY???

53. Samuel Gompers Samueal Gompers –Founder of the AFL (American Federation of Labor) AFL Fought For Improved Working Conditions! –Achieved Shorter Working Hours & Better Pay Used Methods Such As: –Strikes –Boycotts –Negotiations –ALL PEACEFUL!

56. Essential Questions What are the responsibilities of business leaders who own companies to their employees (workers)? How have the rights and benefits gained by unions during the late 1800’s and early 1900’s benefited workers in the United States today?