1. Assessment Tool DRA Developmental Reading Assessment
Maria Daniela Garcia
EDCI-682
Assessment in Early Childhood Education

3. Authors
Joetta Beaver
With a bachelor of science in elementary education and master's degree in reading from The Ohio State University, Joetta Beaver served for 30 years as an elementary teacher (K-5) and reading teacher, as well as a K-5 Language Arts/Assessment coordinator and an Early Education teacher-leader. Joetta is the primary author of the DRA2 K-3 and DRA2 Word Analysis, and co-author of the DRA2 4-8 as well as the DRA2 Progress Monitoring Assessment.

4. Authors Mark Carter PhD
Mark Carter worked as an elementary and middle school teacher for 35 years. During this time Mark also served as a district Instructional Specialist and Teacher Leader for Student Assessment for Upper Arlington Schools. He conducted numerous seminars, and co-authored the DRA2 4-8 as well as other educational resources for teachers. He received his doctorate of philosophy from The Ohio State University and taught a variety of graduate courses in education as an adjunct professor for both The Ohio State University and Ashland University.

5. What is DRA?
Is a reading assessment tool designed to help teachers systematically observe, record, and evaluate changes in student reading performance.
It features tools to assess:
reading engagement
Fluency
Comprehension
Reading strengths and weaknesses
Instruction to meet individual needs

6. DRA2 Grades K-3 (Print)
The Process: By following the straightforward, four-step process, the DRA2 Benchmark Assessment pinpoints student strengths, abilities, and needs.
Step 1: Reading Engagement  Observe Student reading habits, preferences, and goals
Step 2: Oral Reading Fluency Analyze and record oral reading
Step 3: Comprehension Evaluate how well students understand the information they have read
Step 4: Teacher Analysis  Use Assessment results to personalize instruction to meet the needs of every learner

7. The Package The DRA2+ K-3 Comprehensive Package includes:
DRA2 Benchmark Assessment (K-3 Teacher's Guide, 1 set of 23 grades K-1 Benchmark Books, 3 sets of 22 grades 2-4 Benchmark Books, Spiral-bound Blackline Masters Book, Blackline Masters CD (with PDFs), Laminated Assessment Procedures Overview Card with Record of Oral Reading Guidelines, Training DVD, Timing Calculation Clipboard, Organizer with hanging folders, 30 Student Assessment Folders)
DRA2 Word Analysis Kit (Teacher Resource Book, Student Assessment Book and Training CD)
DRA2 Progress Monitoring Assessment (Progress Monitoring Teacher's Guide, Blackline Masters CD with 95 leveled passages, and 16 Instructional Routine Cards)

8. DRA2 Grades 4-8 (Print)
The Process: By following the straightforward, four-step process, the DRA2 Benchmark Assessment pinpoints student strengths, abilities, and needs
Step 1: Reading Engagement  Observe Student reading habits, preferences, and goals
Step 2: Oral Reading Fluency Analyze and record oral reading
Step 3: Comprehension Evaluate how well students understand the information they have read
Step 4: Teacher Analysis  Use Assessment results to personalize instruction to meet the needs of every learner

9. The Package The DRA2+ 4-8 Comprehensive Package includes:
DRA2 Benchmark Assessment (4-8 Teacher's Guide, 3 sets of 28 Benchmark Books levels 20-80, Spiral-bound Blackline Masters Book, Blackline Masters CD (with PDFs), Laminated Assessment Procedures Overview Card with Record of Oral Reading Guidelines, Training DVD, Timing Calculation Clipboard, Organizer with hanging folders, 30 Student Assessment Folders)
DRA2 Progress Monitoring Assessment (Progress Monitoring Teacher's Guide, Blackline Masters CD with 95 leveled passages, and 16 Instructional Routine Cards)

10. DRA Web App Makes the reading assessment even simpler.
Archive DRA2+ records online from any computer with internet access.
Quickly retrieve student data to share with parents or administrators.
Provides immediate results and reporting.
Determines a reading plan using the appropriate DRA measure.
Provide powerful instruction based on precise information that is available instantly.
Create flexible groups instantly.

11. Support Information Discipline: Literacy Copyright: 2012
Grade(s): K - 8
Program Type: Supplemental, Leveled Reader
Delivery Method: Print
Device: Smartphone, Tablet, Computer
Operating System: iOS, Windows, Mac OS
Funding Sources: IDEA, Title I

12. Research
Development of the DRA2 was based on what educators and the extant research literature identified as being key characteristics and behaviors of good readers. The DRA2 is founded on a number of premises drawn from various sources, including the research literature concerning reading development and instruction.

13. Reliability
The following reliability analyses were performed during DRA2 development:
Internal consistency reliability
Passage equivalency
Test-retest reliability
Interrater and expert rater reliabilities

14. Table 3. DRA2: Cronbach’s Alpha
Level
Oral Fluency
Comprehension 4
0.784
0.818 6
0.849
0.805 8
0.680
0.778 10
0.736
0.825 12
0.758
0.853 14
0.542
.0779 16
0.731
0.583 18
0.614
0.816 20
0.725
0.739 24
0.710 28
0.788
0.693 30
0.717 34
0.745
0.636 38
0.611
0.655 40
0.762
0.722 50
0.785
0.759 60 70
0.621
0.728 80
0.622
0.730

15. Validity
The DRA2 is a valid measurement of accuracy, fluency, and comprehension, as evidenced by the following validity measures:
Criterion-related validity
Construct validity
Content validity

16. Validity
To examine the DRA2’s concurrent validity, DRA2 scores were correlated with scores from other well-known, previously validated tests of reading comprehension and fluency.
Specifically, the relationship between the DRA2 and:
Gray’s Oral Reading Test-4th Edition (GORT-4; Weiderholt & Bryant, 2001)
DIBELS Oral Reading Fluency Test-6th Edition (DORF; Good, Kaminski, & Dill, 2002)
Gates MacGinitie Reading Test-4th Edition (MacGinitie, MacGinitie, Maria, & Dreyer, 2002) was examined.

17. Table 12. Correlations between DRA2 and Other Reading Tests
DRA2 Score
Grade Range n
GORT-4: Comprehension
Gates MaCGinitie: Comprehension
GORT-4: Fluency
DORF (Median Score)
Comprehension
1-3
4-6
All 66 57
123
.60
.68 --
.77 (n=17)
.65
.71
.74
.70
.64
.62
Fluency
.61
.69
.73 (n=17)
.75
.76

18. Bilingual Program
Research-based and widely field tested, the “Evaluacion del desarrollo de la lectura” Segunda Edicion K-6 (EDL2), helps students become independent successful readers by giving educators the right mix of tools needed to assess accuracy, fluency, and comprehension in students’ native language—Spanish.

19. DRA2 Progress Monitoring Assessment
The DRA2 Progress Monitoring Assessment includes brief passages DRA levels 4-60 so that teachers may regularly observe and record reading behaviors of students between Benchmark Assessments. Administer the DRA2 Progress Monitoring Assessment to ensure that reading deficits are being addressed.
Monitor oral reading rate
Track oral reading accuracy
Evaluate comprehension skills
Analyze vocabulary and word recognition
* Also available for EDL2, Análisis de palabras

20. DRA Word Analysis Observe and Assess Foundational Skills
The DRA2 Word Analysis assesses skills related to Phonological Awareness, Metalanguage, Letter/Word Recognition, Phonics and Structural Analysis/ Syllabication. Administer Word Analysis to emerging and struggling readers to help students develop the skills needed for reading proficiency.
Consists of 40 word-analysis tasks that assess a student's level of control
Covers five strands, including Phonological Awareness, Metalanguage, Letter/Word Recognition, Phonics and Structural Analysis
Provides subtests that measure specific skills and application of strategies
* Also available for EDL2, Análisis de palabras

21. Price Product Price Product Price DRA2+ K-3 Comprehensive Package
$422.97
DRA2 K-3 Comprehensive Package
$320.47
DRA2 K-3 Upgrade
$200.47
DRA2 K-3 Student Folder 30-pack
$41.47
DRA2 Progress Monitoring Assessment, Classroom Package 
$149.47
Product
Price
DRA Comprehensive Package
$367.47
DRA2 4-8 Comprehensive Package 
$258.97
DRA2 4-8 Upgrade Package 
$200.47
DRA2 4-8 Student Folder 30-pack
$41.47
DRA2 Progress Monitoring Assessment, Classroom Package 
$149.47
Price

22. DRA assessment in action!