1. Demand for educated individuals:
In mediaeval government
As result of church reform
In commerce

2. 11th c. Increasing numbers of Classical works
and works upon these passing into
Europe in Arabic/Hebrew translations
c Arabic (Hindi) numerals being used in
Europe

3. 1079 Bishops required to institute teaching of
liberal arts at cathedral schools
By 1179 Church requiring all cathedrals and
many other institutions to maintain schools
Other educational institutions:
Baronial households
Guilds

4. Universitas Bologna
Paris Oxford

5. 11th c. Italian lawyers studying law more deeply,
incl. Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian (r )
Major figures at Bologna:
Pepo (late 11th c.)
Gratian - Decretum (c. 1140)
Irnerius (1050-c. 1130)
Four faculties by 12th c.: rhetoric, civil law,
canon law, medicine (following Salerno)

6. Nations:
Cismontane (Italians)
Ultramontane (everyone else)
Led by elected rectors

7. Notre Dame de Paris
Before end 12th c. Masters at Paris form a guild
1200 King grants privileges to the university
Four nations: France, Normandy, Picardy,
England, each headed by proctor
By mid-13th c. University elects rector: head of
Faculty of Arts. Also faculties of Theology,
Canon Law, Medicine

8. Map Link: Nations of the University of Paris:
<
02/Four_nations_university_Paris.png/464px-
Four_nations_university_Paris.png>

9. Early 12th c. Visiting scholars from Bologna
and Paris lecturing at Oxford
1167 Henry II orders English scholars at Paris to
return to England
Late 12th c. Scholars and students active at
Oxford
1214 University elects chancellor
Early 13th c. Founding of Cambridge University

10. Padua (1222) Naples (1224)
Toulouse (1230) Spain/Portugal
(end 13th c.)

11. Map Link: Medieval Universities:
<
6/68/Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg/671px-
Map_of_Medieval_Universities.jpg>

12. Seeking independence from lay and
ecclesiastical jurisdiction
Seeking control of curriculum
Entry requirements: Latin
trivium (grammar, logic/dialectic, rhetoric).
2 grammar, 5 logic  Bachelor of
Arts at Paris
“hearing”

13. quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music,
astronomy). 5-6 years  Master of Arts
Leave, teach, or study for degree in law,
medicine, or theology
Disputations
Quodlibets (“whatever you like”)
Theology: “queen of sciences”

14. Early 12th c. Translation of Euclid’s Geometry
into Latin
Arabic numerals  trigonometry, algebra
arithmetic
Works of Aristotle transforming logic
Arabic works on medicine

15. Decrees of popes and general councils
informing theology and canon law
1234 Decretals of Pope Gregory IX compiled
Early 14th c. Compilation of Corpus Juris
Canonici

16. 1258 Foundation of the Sorbonne by Robert
de Sorbon, confessor to Louis IX, at Paris
1264 Walter of Merton founds Merton College,
Oxford. At about the same time John
Balliol founds Balliol College
1284 Foundation of Peterhouse College,
Cambridge

17. Jacques de Vitry (btw. 1160 and 1170-1240 )
Priest, preacher, eventually bishop, then
cardinal
Vocal supporter of church and crusades
Various works, incl. Historia Orientalis
(History of the East)

18. John of Garland (c c. 1252)
Grammarian and poet, influential in
development of medieval Latin
Spent much of life in France
Various works, incl. Morale Scholarium
(The Morality of Students)

19. Shifts in Scholarship in 12th c.:
Seeking to understand natural world
Value of reason
Revival of Classical works and Arabic
studies thereof
Emergence of dialectic
Pondering individual’s position in world

20. Natural Philosophy:
Humans’ relationship to world and God
Studies of Genesis
Use of Classical texts leading to use
of dialectic

21. Dialectic:
Pioneered by Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Transfer of Arabic works using it to
Europe - possibly influential
Used in e.g. law and theology
How do we prove that God exists?

22. Anselm of Bec (c )
Monk, eventually abbot of Bec
c Asked to prove existence of God
without using scripture. Addressed topic
in Proslogion: “ontological proof.”
Refuted by Gaunilo, “On Behalf of the
Fool”
1093 Becomes Archbishop of Canterbury

23. Peter Abelard ( )
Son of a Breton knight. Studied
under William of Champeaux
Fell out with master, taught
philosophy, then studied
theology under Anselm of Laon
Fell out with master, taught theology,
in Paris from 1113

24. Peter Abelard ( )
Affair with Heloise, niece of Fulbert, canon
of Cathedral of Notre Dame
Astrolabe

25. Peter Abelard ( )
Abelard enters abbey of St Denis
Heloise also enters an abbey as a nun
Correspondence

26. Peter Abelard ( )
Abelard quarrels with monks of St Denis, then
in 1121 is condemned by church council.
Seeks to live as hermit, but followed by
students
1126 Becomes abbot of St Gildas, Brittany
1133 Flees St Gildas. Subsequently teaches
in Reims, then Paris

27. Peter Abelard ( )
1141 Condemned by church council at
instigation of Bernard of Clairvaux.
Sets out for Rome to appeal to pope
but falls ill en route. Takes refuge at
Cluny. Dies at Cluny in 1142
History of My Adversities ( )

28. Peter Abelard ( )
Dialectic ( )
Sic et Non

29. Universals:
Platonic Realism: There is a realm of
forms where exist ideal archetypes
of every quality or object (e.g. rose).
Earthly objects as imperfect versions
of ideal forms
Nominalism: Universals are mere names
invented by people

30. Universals:
End 11th c. Roscellinus teaches extreme
nominalism, while William of
Champeaux teaches extreme Platonic
realism
Abelard teaches “conceptualism.”
Universals as abstract concepts in
mind, but also real things inhering
in real objects

31. Works demonstrating contemplation of
self and relationship to world