1. Introductory & Conclusion Paragraphs

2. Formula for Intro Paragraphs Sentence #1: The Attention Grabber
Introduces the topic of the thesis (without referring directly to it)
Options include:
Define the idea or concept that is the topic of the paper Example: "The word 'punk' no longer just means a form of alternative music."
Begin with a startling, unusual, or enlightening fact Example: "One out of every 500 Americans will not make it home tonight.”
Begin with an interesting or dramatic quotation Example: "Nikes 'just do it' slogan has been applied to much more than running shoes.”
Start with a question or challenge (can be misused/used too often). Example: "Why do some people wear a mask when they cut their lawns?"
DO NOT mention the title/author of the book in the FIRST sentence. That should come later.

3. Formula for Intro Paragraphs Sentence #2: The Information Adder
Adds information about the attention grabber
Still general and not referring to the thesis
Examples of Attention Grabbers + Info Adders working together:
Wouldn’t it be nice to live in a perfect world? In a flawless world, there would be no conflicts, no clashes of character or ideas.
During the Great Depression nearly 1 out of 4 working Americans was unemployed. This was a period of intense economic struggle for people all over the country.

4. Formula for Intro Paragraphs Sentence #3: The Pivot Sentence
Pivots or turns the reader toward the thesis
The first sentence that hints about our thesis, usually by using a key word from the thesis
Examples:
Wouldn’t it be nice to live in a perfect world? In a flawless world, there would be no conflicts, no clashes of character or ideas. In the world, however, every situation has the opportunity to become a conflict, and conflicts can be seen in literature.
During the Great Depression nearly 1 out of 4 working Americans was unemployed. This was a period of intense economic struggle for people all over the country. These struggles were exemplified in the themes of the literature from that era.

5. Formula for Intro Paragraphs Sentence #4: The Set-Up Sentence
Transitions directly to the thesis, connecting the topic or idea of the grabber to the point made by the thesis.
Includes title of book (italicized) and author’s name
Examples:
During the Great Depression nearly 1 out of 4 working Americans was unemployed. This was a period of intense economic struggle for people all over the country. These struggles were exemplified in the themes of the literature from that era. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck shows through his characters how people can help one another through rough times.

6. Formula for Intro Paragraphs Sentence #5: The Thesis Statement
Last sentence of intro paragraph
Statement that answers the essay prompt
Includes argument that your paper will work to prove

7. Sample Intro Paragraph
During the Great Depression nearly one out of four working Americans was unemployed. This was a period of intense economic struggle for people all over the country. These struggles are exemplified in the themes of the literature from that era. Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck shows through his characters how we can help one another through rough times. Lennie was hardworking, child-like, and a dreamer in the novel.

8. Where does it all go? general Attention Grabber Info Adding Sentence
Pivot Sentence
specific
Set-Up Sentence
(book title and author)
Thesis statement

9. Conclusion Paragraph Your conclusion paragraph will do the opposite,
Specific
General
Your conclusion paragraph will do the opposite,
going from specific  general

10. Formula for Conclusion Paragraphs
Restate Thesis: Reflects the knowledge learned in the essay using new words.
TWO Implication Sentences Reflect on how your topic relates to the book as a whole, give your opinion of the novel’s significance, or connect back to your creative opening. It should relate to all people and thus, be universal.
Culminating Sentence: Final sentence of essay that leaves the reader with a powerful thought using strong words.
**TIE BACK TO YOUR GRABBER**

11. Transition Sentences
A transition sentence improves the fluidity of your essay by creating a bridge between your body paragraphs (in the CS or TS)
Try starting your transition sentences with
in addition
in conjunction
despite
although
even though
or another transition word/phrase. This forces the sentences to contain two ideas!

12. Transition Sentence Example
TS #1: Paul frequently attempts to forget about Billy’s death.
CS #1: (functions as the transition to body paragraph #2) Although Paul attempts to conquer his fear, he still cannot forget the horrors of death and war.
TS #2: Paul is traumatized by Billy’s unexpected death.