1. The American Revolution (cont.)
Chapter four

2. Thomas Paine
Born in England but came to America after meeting Benjamin Franklin in London.
Wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that supported American independence from Britain.

3. Patriot and British Advantages
Patriots knew the territory since it was their home.
They were mostly volunteers, so they actually believed in they were fighting for.
Led by George Washington.
The British had a larger army.
Offered African slaves freedom in exchange for fighting against the Patriots.
Best army in the world.
Led by General William Howe
Recruited thousands of German mercenaries called Hessians.

4. Women in the War Women fought as well.
Margaret Corbin followed her husband into battle and fought for him after he died.
Mary Ludwig Hays McCauly (Molly Pitcher) carried water for soldiers and manned a cannon.
Deborah Sampson dressed as a man to fight.
Molly Pitcher

5. Abigail Adams Married to John Adams.
Asked her husband to “Remember the ladies” while he worked within the Independence movement and later served as second President of the U. S.
Melted silverware in her kitchen to make bullets during the Revolution.

6. Battle of Long Island
Summer 1776, 32,000 British soldiers with General William Howe.
Patriots only had around 20,000 troops.
Patriot spy, Nathan Hale, captured by the British and killed.
Patriots lacked supplies and lost the battle.
Nathan Hale is quoted before he died as saying, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”

7. Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emmanuel Leuzte
Battle of Trenton
British army occupied New York.
Christmas of 1776, Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware River to capture Hessian mercenaries celebrating at Trenton, New Jersey.
Caught by surprise, 900 Hessians were captured.
Washington Crossing the Delaware by Emmanuel Leuzte

8. Battle of Saratoga Occupied by British Gen. Burgoyne.
Patriots kept reinforcements from helping Burgoyne.
Patriot Gen. Horatio Gates captured Saratoga.
Burgoyne surrendered, and Patriots maintained link between New England and Middle Colonies.
Gen. Howe was so disgraced that he resigned and was replaced by Gen. Henry Clinton.

9. The Colonies Get Noticed
After victories at Trenton and Saratoga, the colonists get the attention of European countries like France and Spain.
They did not want to help the colonists immediately since they were at peace with Britain at the time.
Benjamin Franklin was sent to France to obtain a treaty.

10. New Allies
France announced formal support of the colonists after the victory at Saratoga.
February 1778: France has alliance with colonies and sends supplies, money, and troops.
But colonists did not know of the alliance until later that spring.
Spain went to war with Britain in 1778
Spanish governor of Louisiana, Bernardo de Galvez, sent troops to Baton Rouge, Natchez, and Mobile.
Did not officially recognize the colonies’ independence until after the war.

11. Valley Forge Winter of 1777-78
Valley Forge=20 miles west of Philadelphia.
British had captured Philadelphia.
The winter was brutal, and many soldiers lacked proper clothing, shelter, and food.
Many soldiers deserted, or left without permission.

12. Valley Forge continued…
Washington used his strong character to keep most soldiers united.
They eventually made it through the winter since they were able to build small shelters and gain supplies.
By April, Washington learned of the French alliance, and with much celebration, he announced it to his troops.

13. Assistance from Abroad
Marquis de Lafayette: French nobleman who came to America to help the Patriots. Spent time at Valley Forge, and became a close friend of Washington’s.
Thaddeus Kosciusko and Casimir Pulaski: a Polish engineer and cavalry officer who helped the Patriots.
Friedrich von Steuben: former army officer from Germany. Taught soldiers at Valley Forge and made them more professional.
Juan de Miralles: a Spanish diplomat who encouraged different parts of the Spanish empire to donate money to the Patriots.

14. Daily Life
Some women, such as Judith Sargeant Murray, wanted to apply the ideas of the Declaration of Independence to women as well as men.
Likewise, people began trying to fight slavery because they saw at as violating “the principles of Christianity and humanity” as the Governor Livingstone of New Jersey said.
Loyalists were still found in many parts of the colonies.
Many fled to Britain, Canada, or Florida.
Those that stayed often worked as spies for the British.

15. The Warfront Out West and Down South
Chapter 6: Section 3

16. The West
Many colonists had moved west of the Proclamation Line of 1763 despite the British law against it.
Large numbers of Native Americans were involved in western battles.
Because they saw the British as more likely to respect them, Native Americans often sided with them.
Mohawk chief Joseph Brant led attacks in western New York and eventually moved to Canada after the war.

17. Battle of Vincennes
Lt. Col. George Rogers Clark captured the British town of Vincennes in what is now Indiana.
After leaving, the city was taken back by Henry Hamilton who was called the “hair buyer” because he was said to pay for the scalps of people who settled too far west.
After several days of marching through ice-filled, flooded land, Clark recaptured the town by surprise.

18. The Seas The British had a naval blockade surrounding the colonies.
Blockades are lines of ships meant to stop supplies and ships coming into a place.
The Americans did not have a real navy of their own.
They enlisted the help of privateers, privately owned merchant ships, that would fight for them.
They were like legal pirates.

19. John Paul Jones The most famous privateer was John Paul Jones.
Came to America from Britain in a ship paid for by Franklin.
When fighting British ship Serapis off the coast of Britain and having his ship at the brink of sinking, he said, “I have not yet begun to fight.”
The British eventually surrendered, and Jones became a hero.

20. The South and Guerrilla Warfare
The British won a good number of battles in the South with Loyalist support.
Gen. Henry Clinton captured the city of Charles Town which is now Charleston, South Carolina.
It was the worst defeat of the war because so many people were captured.
Small groups of Patriots would attack them in the countryside using hit-and-run strategies, or guerrilla warfare, to attack the British without getting in a full fight.
One of the Patriot leaders was Francis Marion, or the Swamp Fox.
Because of his skill at hiding and attacking in the swamps of SC, the British said that not even “the devil himself” could catch him.

21. Bernardo de Galvez Governor of Louisiana.
Privately loaned money to the colonists even before Spain declared war on Britain.
Allowed the colonists to use the port of New Orleans to send supplies up the MS River to people like George Rogers Clark.

22. Patriot Victories in the South
After the British were forced to retreat at Kings Mountain, many colonists in the South decided to support the Revolution because they thought that it would make the war stop more quickly.
Oct. 1780, Nathanael Greene became commander of the Continental Army in the South.
Greene defeated the British at Cowpens, SC in January 1781.
After barely winning a battle at Guilford Courthouse in Greensboro, NC, British Gen. Cornwallis gave up on the Carolinas and moved on to Virginia.
Washington sent Lafayette and Gen. Anthony Wayne to meet Cornwallis’s advance.

23. Yorktown and Independence
Chapter 6: Section 3

24. Here come the French!
July 1780, French general, the Compte de Rochambeau, came to Newport, RI with 5,000 soldiers.
The British blocked the French from getting out of Newport with their ships.
Washington had to wait another year before the next French fleet arrived to help.
Map of Rhode Island

25. Yorktown
Washington heard about Lafayette trapping Cornwallis near Yorktown, VA.
When Washington also heard that French Adm. Francois de Grasse was coming to Chesapeake Bay, he took his army toward Yorktown instead of NY.

26. Yorktown continued…
Washington did not want Gen. Clinton to know that he was going to Yorktown, VA instead of NYC.
Washington told his soldiers to march but did not tell them where they were going.
15 days later, they arrived in VA.
Rochambeau’s army marched over land to Yorktown as well and met with Washington, Lafayette, and de Grasse there.

27. Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbell
The Siege
Sept. 5, the combined American and French force of 14,000 soldiers attacked the 7,500 British and Hessian soldiers.
De Grasse’s ships kept the British trapped at Yorktown.
On Oct. 19, ten days after a huge attack from the Americans/French, Cornwallis surrendered.
Surrender of Lord Cornwallis by John Trumbell

28. Map of U. S. territory after Treaty of Paris
Independence
Although fighting continued after Yorktown, the battle proved that the war would be too expensive to fight for the British.
Representatives of the colonies and Britain signed the Treaty of Paris on Sept. 3, 1783.
The treaty said that Britain recognized the colonies as independent and gave them the land south of Canada but east of the MS River.
The Treaty of Paris was the official beginning of American independence.
Map of U. S. territory after Treaty of Paris