1. 2nd Industrial Revolution and Social Thought

2. 2nd Industrial Revolution
New age of economic expansion launched by new methods of steel production by Bessemer and Siemens and the ability to harness electrical power.
Inventions
Incandescent lamp and phonograph-Edison
Man-made fertilizers
Dynamite- Nobel
Telephone-A.G. Bell

3. 2nd Industrial Revolution
Physics and Chemistry
Electromagnetism electricity- Faraday
Discovery of microbes that cause disease-Pasteur
Thermodynamics- Joule
Impact on Society
Germany began to surpass England as Europe’s leading industrial power for three reasons:

4. Later industrialization= newer factories and technology
German education system provided administrators and engineers needed for modern industry
German cartels rationalized production and supported aggressive marketing around the world

5. Impact on Society
Europe’s population grew because the death rate fell much more than the birth rate.

6. Important Minds of Social Science
August Comte
Believed his era was a final stage in historical development
Published his philosophy, Positivism,
Humanity’s understanding of the world develops through three historical stages:

7. Important Minds of Social Science
Comte
Theological-gods in nature
Metaphysical- Christianity
Positive stage- science through observation
Sociology would be the final scientific achievement

8. Important Minds of Social Science
Karl Marx ( )
Communist Manifesto, Das Kapital
Theory of history
Tried to build a comprehensive philosophical system
Uses dialectic (like Hegel) ideas that constitute the spirit of the age
Society is fundamentally built on the organization of its economy-its mode of production

9. Important Minds of Social Science
Middle Ages, agricultural economy requires feudalism, creates middle class as antithesis
Industrial Age, middle class becomes thesis, working class becomes antithesis
Influence of Marx
Logically compelling and relevant to all social sciences
Rich in moral judgments without having to defend any ethical system
Claimed the prestige of science but offered the security of determinism

10. Important Minds of Social Science
Charles Darwin
On the Origins of Species
Natural selection, survival of the fittest
Social Darwinism
Used most often to justify social inequality
Led to erroneous science like eugenics and the idea of superior races…planned parenthood?

11. Important Minds of Social Science
Herbert Spencer
Believed progress was not an accident, but a necessity.
All things evolved from simplicity to complexity…from homogeneity to diversity.

12. New Imperialism
New Imperialism – Name given to the period of aggressive pursuit of imperial expansion by European powers between 1870s and 1914.
Followed a period marked by the abandonment of colonial interests based on overwhelming expenses associated with maintaining colonies
England…North American colonies, Spain…South American colonies

13. New Imperialism This shift is attributed to three major causes
Economic
Industrialization required external markets to absorb products
It created excess capital available for foreign investment
Industrialists found raw materials plentiful and cheap in foreign locations

14. New Imperialism Political Cultural
Government protection/support of missionary societies
In light of new distribution of power, politicians acquired “strategic” colonies
Cultural
Influential writers believed the future success of the powers would be determined by the extent of imperial holdings
Social Darwinism
National pride and economic opportunities were basis of popular support of imperialism

15. New Imperialism Exploration of Africa
The romantic accounts of European explorers like Richard Burton, David Livingston drew European attention to Africa in 1850s
Britain, France, and Germany all contended for African colonies until Berlin Conference ( )

16. New Imperialism Berlin Conference
Congo would be under the control of Belgium through an international association
More liberal use of the Niger and Congo Rivers
European powers could acquire African territory through first occupation and secondly notifying the other European states of their occupation and claim
Aggressive imperial expansion continues in Africa, Pacific Islands, and Asian mainland until 1914