1. Plants: Seeds & Tropism
Write words that are in BLUE

2. Kingdom Plantae Characteristics: Eukaryotic Multicellular Cell walls
Made of cellulose
Have chloroplasts
Autotrophs
Do not move
(non-motile)

3. Seed Plants
Gymnosperms and angiosperms are plants that disperse the species by means of seeds
Seeds contain a protective coat, embryo, and stored food
The seed can remain dormant for weeks, months, or even years until the conditions are right for it to start growing

4. Seed Plants Brain Pop-Seed Plants
Gymnosperms- bear their seeds directly on cones
Angiosperms- develop unique reproductive organs known as flowers

5. Seed Dispersal By wind and water Seeds are light weight
Carried by wind or float on water

6. Seed Dispersal by Animals
Animal dispersal
Seeds typically contained in fruit are eaten by animals. A tough outer coating protects it in the digestive tract. When “released”, seeds then sprout in the feces.
Seeds may also have adaptations which allow them to stick to an animal

7. Seed Dispersal by Ejection
Some seeds disperse by ejection.
Example: witch hazel
Seed Ejection Clip

8. Can you tell how the seed is dispersed?
Wind
_________
Animal

9. _____________
Animal
Ejection
Wind

10. Pollination Recap
The male reproductive organ of one plant produces pollen grains which they can be carried by animals, wind, or water to another plant.
The grains land on female reproductive organ, a pollen tube develops to transport the sperm nucleus to the ovule
This is plant fertilization

11. Adaptations of seed plants
Adaptations that allow for better success in the fertilization of seeded plants:
Flowers or cones
Transfer of sperm by pollination (instead of plant to plant contact)
Protection of embryos in seeds

12. Germination Germination is the early growth stage of the plant embryo
The seed will absorb water, causing the food-storing tissues to swell and crack open the seed coat.
Through the crack, a young root will start to grow

13. Tropisms
Plants change their patterns and directions of growth in response to cues
The responses of plants to external stimuli are called Tropisms
There are three types:
Gravitropism
Phototropism
Thigmotropism

14. Auxin
Auxin is a plant hormone found on the outer ends of the plant. When auxin is stimulated, it spreads through the plant and stimulates cell elongation.
Auxin helps plants to respond to outside stimuli and helps them to develop properly.
Auxin is used to respond to different stimuli such as light, water, gravity, or wounds.

15. Gravitropism Response of plants to gravity
Auxin causes stems to elongate and grow upright
Auxin inhibits root elongation, causing them to grow downward

16. Gravitropism animation: click on "Coleus shoot gravitropism"
Gravitropism is not limited to stems and roots since other organs on a plant, like the leaves shown here, also sense and respond to gravity.

17. Phototropism Response of plants to light
When light hits one side of the stem, auxins develop (on the shaded side) and cause the stem to bend toward the light

18. Phototropism animation: click on "Sunflower phototropism"
Seven-day-old, dark-grown sunflower seedlings were exposed to white light from the left side of the screen for 10.4 hours.

19. Thigmotropism Response of plants to touch
EX: When the tip of a vine touches an object, it quickly wraps around it

20. Thigmotropism animation: click on "Sensitive plant“ animation: click on "Morning glory twining
When a Morning Glory vine comes in contact with something else it will wrap around that object. This is known as twining, and is used to help support the morning glory as it grows.