1. Module 2.5 – Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste
2017 Advanced Workshop, “School for Drafting Regulations on Radiation Safety” Vienna, Austria 16 – 27 January 2017
Module 2.5 –
Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste

2. The main sections deal with:
Contents
The main sections deal with:
General approach
Requirements for the responsibilities associated with the predisposal management of radioactive waste
Requirements for the safe development and operation of predisposal radioactive waste management facilities and safe conduct of activities.
Note to the lecturer:
Describe the structure of the lecture.

3. Safety Fundamentals
“The objective of radioactive waste management is to deal with radioactive waste in a manner that protects human health and the environment now and in the future without imposing undue burdens on future generations.”

4. Predisposal Waste Management-Related Safety Standards
GSR Part 5, 2009;
This publication supersedes those parts of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. WS-R-2, Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste, Including Decommissioning (2000), that are concerned with requirements for the predisposal management of radioactive waste. IAEA Safety Standards Series No. WS-R-5, Decommissioning of Facilities Using Radioactive Material (2006), supersedes those parts of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. WS-R-2 (2000) that are concerned with the decommissioning of facilities.

5. Relevant IAEA publications:
Basis for lecture
Relevant IAEA publications:
Note to the lecturer:
Describe the structure of the lecture.

6. Requirement 1: Legal and regulatory framework
The government shall provide for an appropriate national legal and regulatory framework within which radioactive waste management activities can be planned and safely carried out. This shall include the clear and unequivocal allocation of responsibilities, the securing of financial and other resources, and the provision of independent regulatory functions. Protection shall also be provided beyond national borders as appropriate and necessary for neighbouring States that may be affected.
The government shall provide national legal and regulatory framework to plan and carry out RWM activities:
Clear allocation of responsibilities;
Securing of financial / other resources;
Provision of independent regulatory functions;
Protection beyond national borders.
The government shall consider:
Legal, technical, financial responsibilities;
Establishing effective and independent regulatory body;
Ensuring continuity of responsibility for safety;
Defining overall process;
Ensure availability of scientific / technical expertise.

7. Requirement 2: National policy and strategy on radioactive waste management
To ensure the effective management and control of radioactive waste, the government shall ensure that a national policy and a strategy for radioactive waste management are established. The policy and strategy shall be appropriate for the nature and the amount of the radioactive waste in the State, shall indicate the regulatory control required, and shall consider relevant societal factors. The policy and strategy shall be compatible with the fundamental safety principles and with international instruments, conventions and codes that have been ratified by the State. The national policy and strategy shall form the basis for decision making with respect to the management of radioactive waste.
To ensure the effective management and control of radioactive waste, the government shall ensure that a national policy and a strategy for radioactive waste management are established.
The policy and strategy shall be appropriate for the nature and the amount of the radioactive waste in the State, shall indicate the regulatory control required, and shall consider relevant societal factors. The policy and strategy shall be compatible with the fundamental safety principles and with international instruments, conventions and codes that have been ratified by the State. The national policy and strategy shall form the basis for decision making with respect to the management of radioactive waste.

8. Requirement 3: Responsibilities of the regulatory body
The regulatory body shall establish the requirements for the development of radioactive waste management facilities and activities and shall set out procedures for meeting the requirements for the various stages of the licensing process. The regulatory body shall review and assess the safety case and the environmental impact assessment for radioactive waste management facilities and activities, as prepared by the operator both prior to authorization and periodically during operation. The regulatory body shall provide for the issuing, amending, suspension or revoking of licenses, subject to any necessary conditions. The regulatory body shall carry out activities to verify that the operator meets these conditions. Enforcement actions shall be taken as necessary by the regulatory body in the event of deviations from, or non-compliance with, requirements and conditions.
The regulatory body shall establish the requirements for the development of radioactive waste management facilities and activities and shall set out procedures for meeting the requirements for the various stages of the licensing process. The regulatory body shall review and assess the safety case and the environmental impact assessment for radioactive waste management facilities and activities, as prepared by the operator both prior to authorization and periodically during operation. The regulatory body shall provide for the issuing, amending, suspension or revoking of licences, subject to any necessary conditions. The regulatory body shall carry out activities to verify that the operator meets these conditions. Enforcement actions shall be taken as necessary by the regulatory body in the event of deviations from, or non-compliance with, requirements and conditions.

9. Responsibilities Regulatory body
Establish appropriate classification scheme
Establish safety requirements and criteria
Handling, transport, storage
Acceptance criteria for disposal
Limits and conditions for removal of controls from material containing radionuclides (clearance), discharges
Ensure relevant documents and records are prepared
Period of preservation, quality
Verify operator meets established conditions;
Take necessary enforcement actions.
Note to the lecturer:
Introduce the lecture using the ideas expressed above.
The regulatory body shall establish the requirements for the development of radioactive waste management facilities and activities and shall set out procedures for meeting the requirements for the various stages of the licensing process. The regulatory body shall review and assess the safety case and the environmental impact assessment for radioactive waste management facilities and activities, as prepared by the operator both prior to authorization and periodically during operation. The regulatory body shall provide for the issuing, amending, suspension or revoking of licences, subject to any necessary conditions. The regulatory body shall carry out activities to verify that the operator meets these conditions. Enforcement actions shall be taken as necessary by the regulatory body in the event of deviations from, or non-compliance with, requirements and conditions.

10. Responsibilities Regulatory body
To facilitate compliance with requirements, the regulatory body has to:
Provide guidance on interpretation of national standards and regulatory requirements;
Encourage/participate in dialogue between operator & other parties;
Establish RW definition/classification , clearance criteria;
Document the procedures (licensing, verification, enforcement);
Establish mechanisms for dissemination of information;
Agree / delineate areas of responsibility / cooperation;
Ensure consideration given to non-radiological hazards.
Carry out verification activities supported by an effective management system and strong safety culture.
To facilitate compliance with regulatory requirements, the regulatory body has to do the following;
Establish a mechanism by means of which information on incidents significant to safety is disseminated to interested parties;
Enter into agreement, where appropriate, with other governmental bodies responsible for regulation in related fields to delineate areas of responsibility or of cooperation;
Ensure that due consideration is given to non-radiological hazards throughout the entire predisposal management of radioactive waste
The regulatory body has to carry out activities that are necessary to verify that requirements for safety and environmental protection are being met by the operator. These activities are required to be supported by an effective management system, including the establishment and maintenance of a strong safety culture.

11. Requirement 4 :Responsibilities of the operator
Operators shall be responsible for the safety of predisposal radioactive waste management facilities or activities. The operator shall carry out safety assessments and shall develop a safety case, and shall ensure that the necessary activities for siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation, shutdown and decommissioning are carried out in compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.

12. Responsibilities
Demonstration of safety by means of the safety case, and for an existing facility or activity by means of periodic safety reviews;
Demonstration of environmental protection by means of an assessment of environmental impacts;
Derivation of operational limits, conditions and controls, including waste acceptance criteria, to assist with ensuring that the predisposal radioactive waste management facility is operated in accordance with the safety case;
Preparation and implementation of appropriate operating procedures, including monitoring;
Application of good engineering practice;
Predisposal management may involve transfer of RW from one operator to another. Waste is often sent from a producer to a central facility. Storage periods can be long and extend over
Note to the lecturer:
Introduce the lecture using the ideas expressed above.

13. Responsibilities
Ensuring that staff are trained, qualified and competent, and, where applicable, licensed by the regulatory body;
Establishment and implementation of a management system ;
Maintenance of records and reporting as required by the regulatory body, including those records and reports necessary to guarantee the accountability for and traceability of radioactive waste throughout the different processes of radioactive waste management;
Establishment and maintenance of a mechanism to provide and ensure adequate financial resources to discharge its responsibilities;
Predisposal management may involve transfer of RW from one operator to another. Waste is often sent from a producer to a central facility. Storage periods can be long and extend over
Note to the lecturer:
Introduce the lecture using the ideas expressed above.

14. INTEGRATED APPROACH TO SAFETY

15. Requirement 5: Security Measures
Measures shall be implemented to ensure an integrated approach to safety and security in the predisposal management of radioactive waste.
The level of security is required to be commensurate with the level of radiological hazard and the nature of the waste.

16. Requirement 6: Interdependencies
Interdependencies among all steps in the generation and management of radioactive waste, as well as the impact of the anticipated disposal option, shall be appropriately taken into account.
COMPATIBILITY (taking actions that facilitate other steps and avoiding taking decisions in one step that detrimentally affect the options available in another step)
OPTIMIZATION (i.e. assessing the overall options for waste management with all the interdependences taken into account).
The use of well managed information of good quality
is key to both aspects.

17. Requirement 7: Management system:
Management systems shall be applied for all steps and elements of the predisposal management of radioactive waste.
GSR Part 2
Features that are important to safe operation, and that are considered in the management system, are to be identified on the basis of the safety case and the assessment of environmental impacts.

18. STEPS IN THE PREDISPOSAL MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Requirements for the principal approaches to and the elements of the predisposal management of radioactive waste are established in Section 4. In total there are 5 requirements grouped into 4 groups.

19. Principal approaches to waste management
Delay and decay - (processing), storage, authorized discharge
Concentrate and contain - processing, storage, disposal
Dilute and disperse - authorized discharge
Radionuclides have a property that is useful if waste management: they decay, meaning that their activity - orradiological hazard associated waste is recuced in time. This is put in use in the approaches to waste management.
The principal approaches to the management of radioactive waste are commonly termed ‘delay and decay’, ‘concentrate and contain’ and ‘dilute and disperse’.
‘Delay and decay’ involves holding the waste in storage until the desired reduction in activity has occurred through radioactive decay of the radionuclides contained in the waste.
‘Concentrate and contain’ means reduction of volume and confinement of the radionuclide contents by means of a conditioning process to prevent dispersion in the
environment.
‘Dilute and disperse’ means discharging waste to the environment in such a way that environmental conditions and processes ensure that the concentrations of the radionuclides are reduced to such levels that the radiological impact of the released material is acceptable.
In establishing policies in this area, consideration has to be given to the radiological impacts of the different management options. From a radiological protection perspective, a balance has to be struck between the present exposures resulting from the dispersal of radionuclides in the environment and potential future exposures which could result as a consequence of radioactive waste disposal
The first two approaches (‘delay and decay’, ‘concentrate and contain’) require
that radioactive waste be held in storage for varying lengths of time or placed in a disposal facility with a view to preventing its release to the environment. Radioactive
waste must therefore be processed, as necessary, in such a way that it can be safely placed and held in a storage or disposal facility.
The third approach (‘dilute and disperse’) is a legitimate practice in the management of radioactive waste and has to be carried out within authorized limits
established by the regulatory body

20. Basic Steps of Waste Processing
Pre-Treatment
Reuse/recycle
(radioactive material)
Clearance
Treatment
Effective management of radioactive waste considers the basic steps (shown schematically in Figure) in the radioactive waste management process as parts of a total system, from generation through disposal.
Pretreatment Pretreatment of waste is the initial step in waste management that occurs after waste generation. It consists of, for example, collection, segregation, chemical adjustment and decontamination and may include a period of interim storage.
Treatment Treatment of radioactive waste includes those operations intended to improve safety or economy by changing the characteristics of the radioactive waste. The basic treatment concepts are volume reduction, radionuclide removal and change of composition.
Conditioning Conditioning of radioactive waste involves those operations that transform radioactive waste into a form suitable for handling, transportation, storage and disposal. The operations may include immobilization of radioactive waste, placing the waste into containers and providing additional packaging.
Disposal Disposal is the final step in the radioactive waste management system. It consists mainly of the emplacement of radioactive waste in a disposal facility with reasonable assurance for safety, without the intention of retrieval and without reliance on long term surveillance and maintenance.
(SS No.111-F Annex p13)
Characterization, as early as possible, is utterly important
Conditioning
Characterization
Storage
Transport
Disposal

21. Requirement 8: Radioactive waste generation and control
All radioactive waste shall be identified and controlled. Radioactive waste arising shall be kept to the minimum practicable.
France

22. Requirement 8: Radioactive waste generation and control (cont)
Reduce waste generation - volume and radioactivity content has to be considered before the construction of a facility, beginning with the design phase, and throughout the lifetime of the facility;
Reuse and recycling;
Authorized discharge of effluent, clearance of materials in compliance with conditions and criteria established by the regulatory body;
Ensure due consideration to non-radiological hazards.
The control measures are generally applied in the following order: reduce waste generation, reuse items as originally intended, recycle materials and, finally, consider disposal as waste.
The reuse and recycling of materials has to be applied to keep the generation of radioactive waste to the minimum practicable, provided that protection objectives are met.
The authorized discharge of effluent and clearance of materials from regulatory control, after some appropriate processing and/or a sufficiently long period of storage, together with reuse and recycling of material, can be effective in reducing the amount of radioactive waste that needs further processing or storage.
The regulatory body also has to ensure that the operator gives due consideration to non-radiological hazards in applying such options.

23. Requirement 9: Characterization and classification of radioactive waste
At various stages in the process of management of radioactive waste, the radioactive waste shall be classified and characterized in accordance with the requirements established or approved by the Regulatory Body.

24. Requirement 10: Processing of radioactive waste
Radioactive material for which no further use is foreseen, and with characteristics that make it unsuitable for authorized discharge, authorized use or clearance from regulatory control, shall be processed as radioactive waste. The processing of radioactive waste shall be based on appropriate consideration of the characteristics of the waste and of the demands imposed by the different steps in its management (pretreatment, treatment, conditioning, transport, storage and disposal). Waste packages shall be designed and produced so that the radioactive material is appropriately contained both during normal operation and in accident conditions that could occur in the handling, storage, transport and disposal of waste.

25. Requirement 10: Processing of radioactive waste (cont)
Main purpose of processing is to enhance safety by producing a waste form that fulfills the acceptance criteria for safe processing, transport, storage and disposal;
Safety is ensured during normal operation, measures are taken to prevent occurrence of incidents or accidents, and provisions are made to mitigate consequences of accidents;
Consistency with the waste type, possible storage, anticipated disposal option and limits, conditions, and controls is established in the safety case and assessment of environmental impact.

26. Requirement 11: Storage of radioactive waste
Waste shall be stored in such a manner that it can be inspected, monitored, retrieved and preserved in a condition suitable for its subsequent management. Due account shall be taken of the expected period of storage, and, to the extent possible, passive safety features shall be applied. For long term storage in particular, measures shall be taken to prevent degradation of the waste containment.
Storage is by definition an interim measure, but it can last for several decades. The intention in storing waste is that the waste can be retrieved for clearance, processing and/or disposal at a later time, or, in the case of effluent, for authorized discharge.
May take place between and within basic waste management steps;
May be used to facilitate subsequent step:
Act as a buffer between / within steps;
Allow time for decay prior to clearance or authorized discharge;
Hold waste generated in emergency situations pending decision on its future management.

27. Requirement 11: Storage of radioactive waste (cont)
Design depends on the type of RW, its characteristics and associated hazards, radioactive inventory, and anticipated period of storage;
Regular monitoring, inspection and maintenance of the waste and of the storage facility is required to ensure their continued integrity;
Adequacy of the storage capacity has to be periodically reviewed (prediction in waste arising, availability of disposal options).
Storage is by definition an interim measure, but it can last for several decades. The intention in storing waste is that the waste can be retrieved for clearance, processing and/or disposal at a later time, or, in the case of effluent, for authorized discharge.
May take place between and within basic waste management steps;
May be used to facilitate subsequent step:
Act as a buffer between / within steps;
Allow time for decay prior to clearance or authorized discharge;
Hold waste generated in emergency situations pending decision on its future management.

28. Requirement 12: Radioactive waste acceptance criteria
Waste packages and unpackaged waste accepted for processing, storage and/or disposal shall conform to criteria consistent with the approved safety case

29. Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC)
Radioactive waste destined for disposal shall be processed to meet the acceptance criteria for disposal established with the approval of the regulatory body.
Define the radiological, mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties of the waste package and unpackaged waste.
WAC are essential for the safe handling and storage of waste during normal operation, ensuring safety during possible accidents, and long term safety during subsequent disposal;
(WS-R-2 p 8)

30. Waste Acceptance Criteria (WAC) Example of Japanese Technical Criteria for homogenous solidified low level waste packages.
Label to Indicate Radioactive
Colored Band
(Regarded to Dose Rate)
LABEL
WASTE PACKAGE
Not to be Seriously Damaged
CONTAINER INTEGRITY
放 射 性
C - 0 0
○ ○ 電
△ △ 発
Not to Remain Large Voids
VOIDAGE
Identification Number
IDENTIFICATION
Cement : JIS R 5210,5211 Quality
Asphalt : JIS K 227 Quality & Penetration < 100
Plastic : Unsaturated Polyester Resin
SOLIDIFYING MATERIAL
Metallic container Prescribed in JIS Z 1600
TYPE OF CONTAINER
β/γ emitter : < 4 Bq / cm2
α emitter : < 0.4 Bq / cm2
SURFACE CONTAMINATION
This figure shows about the technical criteria for waste packages, there are 10 items in the technical criteria for homogenous solidified waste package.
These criteria consist 2 categories, one is shown by orange boxes, these criteria concerning manufacturing of waste package such as material, condition of mixing and strength.
The other is shown by green box, these criteria concerning the waste package such as limit of contamination, radioactivity and identification Number & label.
Cement : Compressive Strength ≧ 15 kg / cm2
Plastic : Durometer Hardness ≧ 25
To withstand the load is received when buried
STRENGTH OF WASTE
Solidified Homogeneously
Asphalt : Waste Weight / Package Weight ≦ 50%
Plastic : Waste Weight / Package Weight ≦ 70%
Not be Contained Substances Which Threaten to Damage
WASTE FORM
Not to Exceed the Maximum Concentration of Radioactivity
RADIOACTIVITY

31. DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF PREDISPOSAL RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES AND ACTIVITIES
Section 5 establishes requirements for the safe development and operation of predisposal radioactive waste management facilities and safe conduct of activities. It includes 10 requirements grouped into 3 groups.

32. Requirement 13: Preparation of the safety case and supporting safety assessment
The operator shall prepare a safety case and a supporting safety assessment. In the case of a step by step development, or in the event of modification of the facility or activity, the safety case and its supporting safety assessment shall be reviewed and updated as necessary.
SC has to be prepared early in the development of the facility as a basis for regulatory decision making and approval;
SC has to be progressively developed and refined as the project proceeds;
It is the operator’s is responsibility to compile the SA in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory body.

33. Requirement 13: Preparation of the safety case and supporting safety assessment (cont)
In the case of a step by step development, or in the event of modification of the facility or activity, the safety case and its supporting safety assessment shall be reviewed and updated as necessary.
That ensures quality of technical programme and the associated decision making and;
Provides a framework in which confidence in the technical feasibility and safety of the facility can be established at each stage of its development.
SC has to be prepared early in the development of the facility as a basis for regulatory decision making and approval;
SC has to be progressively developed and refined as the project proceeds;
It is the operator’s is responsibility to compile the SA in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory body.

34. Requirement 14: Scope of the safety case and supporting safety assessment
The safety case for a predisposal radioactive waste management facility shall include a description of how all the safety aspects of the site, the design, operation, shutdown and decommissioning of the facility, and the managerial controls satisfy the regulatory requirements. The safety case and its supporting safety assessment shall demonstrate the level of protection provided and shall provide assurance to the regulatory body that safety requirements will be met.
The safety case for a predisposal radioactive waste management facility shall include a description of how all the safety aspects of the site, the design, operation, shutdown and decommissioning of the facility, and the managerial controls satisfy the regulatory requirements.

35. Requirement 14: Scope of the safety case and supporting safety assessment (cont)
The SC/SA shall demonstrate the level of protection provided and shall provide assurance to the regulatory body that safety requirements will be met.
Primary aim is to ensure safety objectives and criteria set by regulatory body are met;
Address operational safety and all safety aspects of the facility and activities;
Include consideration for reducing hazards to workers, public and environment during normal operations and possible accident conditions;
Extent and detail are commensurate with complexity of the operations and the magnitude of the hazards.
The safety case for a predisposal radioactive waste management facility shall include a description of how all the safety aspects of the site, the design, operation, shutdown and decommissioning of the facility, and the managerial controls satisfy the regulatory requirements.

36. Requirement 15: Documentation of the safety case and supporting safety assessment
The safety case and its supporting safety assessment shall be documented at a level of detail and to a quality sufficient to demonstrate safety, to support the decision at each stage and to allow for the independent review and approval of the safety case and safety assessment. The documentation shall be clearly written and shall include arguments justifying the approaches taken in the safety case on the basis of information that is traceable.

37. Requirement 15: Documentation of the safety case and supporting safety assessment (cont)
Justification:
explaining choices, stating arguments for/against decisions made (especially main approaches taken in SC);
Traceability:
ability to follow information that is provided in the documentation and used in developing the SC;
Clarity:
good structure, presentation allows for understanding of the safety arguments and their bases.

38. Requirement 16: Periodic safety reviews
The operator shall carry out periodic safety reviews and shall implement any safety upgrades required by the regulatory body following this review. The results of the periodic safety review shall be reflected in the updated version of the safety case for the facility.
Confirm input assumptions to be complied with remain adequately controlled;
Periodicity depends on requirements of regulatory body, and:
Significant changes to facility/activity;
Significant developments in knowledge (research, feedback);
Emerging safety issue due to incident or regulatory body concern;
Significant improvements in assessment techniques (i.e., computer codes, input data).

39. DEVELOPMENT OF PREDISPOSAL RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES

40. Requirement 17: Location and design of facilities
Predisposal radioactive waste management facilities shall be located and designed so as to ensure safety for the expected operating lifetime under both normal and possible accident conditions, and for their decommissioning.

41. Requirement 18: Construction and commissioning of the facilities
Predisposal radioactive waste management facilities shall be constructed in accordance with the design as described in the safety case and approved by the regulatory body. Commissioning of the facility shall be carried out to verify that the equipment, structures, systems and components, and the facility as a whole, perform as planned.
While operator is responsible for constructing the facilities, the regulatory body is responsible for oversight of construction and verification activities;
Depending on size/complexity of the facilities, commissioning may be carried out in stages – facility construction, equipment installation, demonstration of performance, and non-active and active commissioning

42. Requirement 19: Facility operation
Predisposal radioactive waste management facilities shall be operated in accordance with national regulations and with the conditions imposed by the regulatory body. Operations shall be based on documented procedures. Due consideration shall be given to the maintenance of the facility to ensure its safe performance. Emergency preparedness and response plans, if developed by the operator, are subject to the approval of the regulatory body.

43. Requirement 19: Facility operation (cont)
Operational limits, conditions and controls may be provided in the authorization documents, or may be in a separate document (technical specifications);
All operations and activities important to safety have to be subject to documented limits, conditions and controls, and have to be carried out by trained, qualified and competent personnel;
All safety related criteria and documented operating procedures required by the regulatory body have to be submitted to the regulatory body for approval;

44. Requirement 20: Shutdown and decommissioning of facilities
The operator shall develop, in the design stage, an initial plan for the shutdown and decommissioning of the predisposal radioactive waste management facility and shall periodically update it throughout the operational period. The decommissioning of the facility shall be carried out on the basis of the final decommissioning plan, as approved by the regulatory body. In addition, assurance shall be provided that sufficient funds will be available to carry out shutdown and decommissioning
Objective is to limit occupational exposures, waste generated, and potential for accidents during decommissioning;
Time periods between updates will be dependent on the type of facility, operational history, and have to be agreed by the regulatory body.
The objective is to facilitate the future dismantling activities by reducing occupational exposures, minimizing the generation of waste and reducing the potential for accidents during decommissioning;
Particular consideration has to be given to any transfer of responsibility for the facility that may occur at this stage;

45. OTHER PROVISIONS

46. Requirement 21: System of accounting for and control of nuclear material
For facilities subject to agreements on nuclear material accounting, in the design and operation of predisposal radioactive waste management facilities the system of accounting for and control of nuclear material shall be implemented in such a way as not to compromise the safety of the facility

47. Requirement 22: Existing facilities
The safety at existing facilities shall be reviewed to verify compliance with requirements. Safety related upgrades shall be made by the operator in line with national policies and as required by the regulatory body.

48. Summary
Safety in predisposal RW management is based on broad spectrum of safety requirements, which are governed by the objective and principles of the Safety Fundamentals;
Safety requirements must be met to ensure the protection of people and the environment, both now and in the future;
All safety requirements are important, non of them has to be ignored.
Safety requirements are reviewed and updated. Checking and updating of your knowledge is important.

49. Thank you!
Thank you!