1. Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century
Chapter 13
Reformation and Religious Warfare in the Sixteenth Century

2. Focus Questions
​What were the chief ideas of the Christian humanists, and how did they differ from the ideas of the Protestant reformers?
​What were Martin Luther’s main disagreements with the Roman Catholic Church, and what political, economic, and social conditions help explain why the movement he began spread so quickly across Europe?
​What were the main tenets of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Calvinism, and how did they differ from each other and from Catholicism? What impact did political, economic, and social conditions have on the development of these four reform movements?
​What impact did the Protestant Reformation have on society in the sixteenth century?
​What measures did the Roman Catholic Church take to reform itself and to combat Protestantism in the sixteenth century?
​What role did politics, economic and social conditions, and religion play in the European wars of the sixteenth century?

3. A nineteenth-century engraving showing Luther before the Diet of Worms
p365

4. Prelude to Reformation
Christian (or Northern Renaissance) Humanism
Theme: reform of church and society
Focus on early Christian writings as well as classics
Wanted “simple” Christianity that had been complicated in the Middle Ages
The power of education to improve oneself leads to true, intrinsic piety (faith)
Desiderius Erasmus (1466 – 1536):
Most influential northern humanist
“Laid the egg that Luther hatched”

5. Erasmus Handbook of the Christian Knight (1503)
“The philosophy of Christ”
Daily life should be guided by Christ (inner faith), not external forms of religion (like ritual, chanting, worship of images, etc)
The Praise of Folly (1509)
Julius Exclusus- On Pope Julius, the Warrior Pope
Revised edition of New Testament (1516)
Annotations

6. Thomas More (1478-1535) English humanist, lord chancellor of England
Utopia (1516) about idealistic life.
Social system where cooperation and reason replace fame and power as human motivations.
Utopia based on communal ownership, not private property.
Still devoted to the Catholic Church, and is later executed by King Henry VIII 

7. Erasmus
Erasmus. Desiderius Erasmus was the most influential of the northern
Renaissance humanists. He sought to restore Christianity to the early
simplicity found in the teachings of Jesus. This portrait of Erasmus was
painted in 1523 by Hans Holbein the Younger, who had formed a
friendship with the great humanist while they were both in Basel.
Desiderius Erasmus was the most influential of the northern Renaissance humanists.
p367

8. Church and Religion on the Eve of the Reformation
The Impact of Church Corruption
Pluralism (clergy takes more than one job to increase their revenue, which leads to absenteeism)
The Search for Salvation
Veneration of relics/saints made salvation seem “mechanical”
“Modern Devotion”- some looked to mysticism for meaningful religious experience.
Thomas à Kempis – The Imitation of Christ
Calls for Reform
Internal forces of change within the Catholic Church

9. Martin Luther & the Reformation in Germany
The Early Luther
From law school to an Augustinian monastery
Doctorate in theology (1512)
The solution to doubt: “justification by faith”
Primacy of the Bible as the sole religious authority
Humans are not saved by “doing good works”; one cannot “score points for heaven”.
The Indulgence Controversy
Johann Tetzel and the sale of indulgences
The Ninety-Five Theses (1517)

10. Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany
The quickening rebellion
Pamphlets (1520):
Address to the Nobility of the German Nation- asked German princes to overthrow the papacy and establish a new church.
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church- Written in Latin. Attacked the Sacrament system as a way the Church held the Gospel “hostage”.
On the Freedom of a Christian Man- Faith brings salvation and “freedom” from agony and temptation.
Excommunication and the Diet of Worms (1521); was declared an outlaw.
Saved by his prince, Elector of Saxony, at Wartburg Castle.

11. Wartburg Castle Luther his here for a year and translated the Bible into German

12. Martin Luther and Katherina von Bora
von Bora. This double portrait of
Martin Luther and his wife was done
by Lucas Cranach the Elder in 1529.
By this time, Luther’s reforms had
begun to make an impact in many
parts of Germany. Luther married
Katherina von Bora in 1525, thus
creating a new model of family life
for Protestant ministers.
This double portrait of Martin Luther and his wife was done
by Lucas Cranach the Elder in 1529.
p370

13. Film & History: Luther (2003)
Luther (Joseph Fiennes) defends his writings at the Diet of Worms.
Luther (Joseph Fiennes) defends his writings at the Diet of Worms.
p372

14. The Rise of Lutheranism
The Reform in Print
Luther’s German New Testament- very popular.
Sermons and images printed in pamphlets.
The Spread of Luther’s Ideas
Largely urban in the beginning
Nuremberg was first city to convert (1525)
Support of the upper classes
Dissent within the ranks and the humanists
The Peasants’ War (1524)
Luther’s stance: rulers appointed by God
Peasants thought Luther would back them up.
Politically, who is this religious freedom for? What kind of freedom does Luther intend?
Organizing the Church
State churches and new religious services

15. Organizing the Lutheran Church
State churches and new religious services
Sacraments no longer “merit-earning”, so Luther only kept 2 of the 7 sacrements:
Baptism: “rebirth through grace”
Lord’s Supper: Luther denied doctrine of transubstantiation, but did believe Christ is “present”.
Since Scripture was ultimate authority, there is no need for hierarchy of clergy: the true church is an invisible entity and a “priesthood of all believers”.
Relied on princes to organize churches.
New religious services: vernacular, Bible reading, preaching, song.
Denounced celibacy and married a nun.
New role for women: ministers’ wives.

16. Woodcut: Luther Versus the Pope
Woodcut: Luther Versus the Pope. In the 1520s, after Luther’s return to Wittenberg, his teachings
began to spread rapidly, ending ultimately in a reform movement supported by state authorities.
Pamphlets containing picturesque woodcuts were important in the spread of Luther’s ideas. In the
woodcut shown here, the crucified Jesus attends Luther’s service on the left, while on the right the pope is
at a table selling indulgences.
In the 1520s, after Luther’s return to Wittenberg, his teachings began to spread rapidly, ending ultimately in a reform movement supported by state authorities.
p372

17. CHRONOLOGY Luther’s Reform Movement
Event
Dates
Ninety-Five Theses
1517
Leipzig Debate
1519
Diet and Edict of Worms
1521
Peasants’ War
1524–1525
CHRONOLOGY Luther’s Reform Movement
p373

18. Germany and the Reformation: Religion and Politics
The Lands and Goals of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519 – 1556)
Charles I of Spain = Charles V, HRE
Spain and its colonies, Austrian Habsburg lands, Bohemia, Hungary, Low Countries (Netherlands), kingdom of Naples.
Wants to maintain control of his empire and use Catholic uniformity as his tool.
His problems: The French, the Papacy, The Turks, and the German Reformation.

19. Charles V’s Problems: France and the Papacy
The French and the Papacy
Francis I of France (1515 – 1547): his rival
France is surrounded by Charles’ lands and they have territorial conflict, and the fact that Francis considered Charles his subject, not his equal.
Habsburg – Valois Wars (1521 – 1544)
The alliance of Pope Clement VII (1523 – 1534) and Francis I: The Pope feared Charles’ power in Italy.
The sack of Rome (1527) by Charles’ armies may have been the end of the Italian Renaissance.

20. CHART 13.1 The Habsburgs as Holy Roman Emperors and Kings of Spain
Chart 13.1 p375

21. Charles V’s Problems: The Turks and Germany
The Ottoman Empire
The new threat to Europe: took over Constantinople (Istanbul), then Hungary and into Austria.
Suleiman the Magnificent (1520 – 1566)
Repulsed at Vienna (1529)- a scary moment for Charles!
Politics in Germany
Germany’s fragmented political power did not work in his favor.

22. The German Situation The Diet of Augsberg: 1530
Meeting of Catholics and Protestants to address religious conflict.
Charles V demanded Lutherans convert back to Catholicism.
The Schmalkaldic League formed in defense: relilgious, political, military alliance.
Schmalkaldic Wars German Protestants allied with French Catholics.
Charles gives up and retires.
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Division of Christianity acknowledged
“Cuius regio, eius religio”: The Prince chooses the faith (NOT religious freedom for the people*)

23. MAP 13.1 The Empire of Charles V
MAP 13.1 The Empire of Charles V. Charles V spent much of his reign fighting wars in Italy, against
France and the Ottoman Empire, and within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire. He failed in his
main goal to secure Europe for Catholicism: the Peace of Augsburg in 1555 recognized the equality
of Catholicism and Lutheranism and let each German prince choose his realm’s religion.
Map 13.1 p375

24. Charles V “I speak Spanish to God, Italian to women, French to
gentlemen, and German to
my horse.”
- Charles V
Charles V. (p.376)
Charles V sought to maintain religious unity throughout his
vast empire by keeping all his subjects within the bounds of the Catholic
Church. Due to his conflict with Francis I of France and his difficulties
with the Turks, the papacy, and the German princes, Charles was never
able to check the spread of Lutheranism. This portrait of Charles V is by
the Venetian painter Titian.
Charles V sought to maintain religious unity throughout his vast empire by keeping all his subjects within the bounds of the Catholic Church.
p376

25. CHRONOLOGY Politics and the German Reformation
Event
Dates
First Habsburg-Valois War
1521–1525
Second Habsburg-Valois War
1527–1529
Defeat of the Turks at Vienna
1529
Diet of Augsburg
1530
Third Habsburg-Valois War
1535–1538
Fourth Habsburg-Valois War
1542–1544
Schmalkaldic Wars
1546–1555
Peace of Augsburg
1555
CHRONOLOGY Politics and the German Reformation
p377

26. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation
What were the beliefs of Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, Anabaptism, and Calvinism?
How did they differ from each other and from Catholicism?
What did political, social, and economic conditions have on the development of these 4 reform movements?

27. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation
Lutheranism in Scandinavia
Monarchs and their state-run churches: kings were also the supreme ecclesiastical authorities
Denmark, Norway, and Sweden

28. The Spread of the Protestant Reformation: Switzerland
The Zwinglian Reformation
The 13 cantons (states) of the Swiss Confederation were loosely united and self-governing.
Reforms in Zürich: Ulrich Zwingli (1484 – 1531)
Zwingli- son of wealthy peasant, educated humanist, influenced by Erasmus, and a Cathedral priest.
Had his own interpretation of the Gospel.
Criticized Swiss mercenary industry (“blood for gold”).
Advocated for clergy’s right to marry.
Wanted the state to supervise the church
Abandoned relics, images, paintings, decoration, music.
Abolished monasticism, saints, and celibacy

29. Zwingli in Switzerland
A Futile Search for Unity
Forest (rural) cantons remained Catholic, and he feared they would ally with the Habsburgs.
Zwingli wanted to ally with Luther and German reformers against Catholic power.
German princes also feared Charles V’s power.
Prince Philip of Hesse invites them for a conference at the Marburg Colloquy- and Luther and Zwingli argue over the Lord’s Supper (the “Eucharist”) and whether Christ is present in the bread and wine (seriously).
Failed attempt to ally with German reformers

30. Zwingli in Switzerland
Swiss Civil Wars- 1531
Between Swiss Catholics and Zwinglians
Zwingli is killed in battle.
He is cut into pieces and cremated.
Luther actually approved of this.

31. The Swiss Cantons
The Swiss Cantons
p377

32. Zwingli
Zwingli. Ulrich Zwingli began the Reformation in Switzerland through
his preaching in Zurich. Zwingli’s theology was accepted in Zurich and
soon spread to other Swiss cities. This portrait of Zwingli was done by
an unknown artist in the early sixteenth century.
Ulrich Zwingli began the Reformation in Switzerland through his preaching in Zurich.
p378

33. The Radical Reformation: The Anabaptists
The Ideas of the Anabaptists
Church was a voluntary association of believers
Adult baptism
Return to the practices of early Christianity
Separation of church and state
“priesthood of all believers”
Varieties of Anabaptism
Swiss Brethren
Anabaptists persecuted in Germany, Austrian Habsburg lands, and Switzerland
The millenarian example at Münster (1532 – 1535)
John of Leiden- Münster as the “New Jerusalem”

34. The Anabaptists
Leiden and other “millenarials” were crushed by the Catholic Prince-Bishop of Münster.
Dutch Anabaptism then became pacifist and non-violent.
Menno Simons (1496 – 1561) and the Mennonites- imitate the life of Jesus.
Separation from the world
Movement spread to many parts of Europe and America:
The Amish, or “Pennsylvania Dutch” descend from this religious movement.

35. The Reformation in England
The Marital Troubles of Henry VIII (1509 – 1547)
From Catherine of Aragon to Anne Boleyn
Henry and Catherine’s daughter is Mary.
Could not get annullment from Pope Clement VII, who was dependent on Charles V- nephew of Catherine of Aragon.
Policymakers Thomas Cromwell (1485 – 1540) and Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (1489 – 1556)
The Act of Supremacy (1534) made the King of England the head of both Church and State
The Treason Act made it punishable by death to deny king’s ecclesiastical authority.
Thomas More could not bow to a secular ruler on spiritual matters, so he was beheaded.

36. The Reformation in England
Henry and Anne Boleyn have a daughter, Elizabeth.
Anne is beheaded, Henry marries Jane Seymour who gives him a son, Edward.
Henry marries Anne of Cleves, but divorces her on the grounds that she is ugly.
Next wife: Catherine Howard, age 15. She is beheaded for adultery.
Last and 6th wife: Catherine Parr. She outlives him, but convinces Henry to restore his daughters Mary and Elizabeth to the lineage.

37. The Reformation in England

38. The Reformation in England
The New Order:
Cromwell becomes his chief adviser
Closes all religious Catholic houses and confiscates land and property, sold land to his supporters.
Cut ties with the Pope in Rome, but made very little actual doctrine change to the new Anglican Church.
True English reformers wanted a real Reformation, not a fake one.
Led to religious conflict again.

39. The Reformation in England
Henry dies year old son Edward VI becomes king.
England is ruled by a regency council, led by Archbishop Cranmer, and real Protestant reforms are put in place.
The Book of Common Prayer- new Protestant service.
Edward dies 1553 at age 15.
Catholic Mary, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, becomes Queen of England. And she wants revenge.
Wants to give England back to the Catholic Church.

40. The English Reformation
Queen Mary marries Philip II of Spain (son of Charles V!).
Mary burns over 300 Protestants at the stake, known as “Bloody Mary”.
Actually made England more Protestant because she and Philip were so hated.
She had her half-sister, Elizabeth (Anglican, daughter of Anne Boleyn) imprisoned.
Mary died in 1558 (after 5 years) with no children.
Elizabeth- the new Protestant Queen.

41. Bloody Mary

42. Bloody Mary

43. Bloody Mary Mary Tudor, Queen Mary of England Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon Granddaughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain Daughter-in-law of Charles V, wife of Philip II of Spain

44. Henry VIII and His Successors
Henry VIII and His Successors. (p.381)
This allegorical painting of the Tudor succession, entitled The Family of Henry VIII, was done by an English artist about forty years after the death of Henry VIII. King Henry sits on his throne under the Tudor Coat of arms. At the far left is the figure of a Roman soldier representing the god of war. Next is Philip II of Spain, the husband of Mary Tudor, who stands at his right. To the right of Henry stand Edward, Elizabeth, and two female figures who represent peace and plenty.
This allegorical painting of the Tudor succession, entitled The Family of Henry VIII, was done by an English artist about forty years after the death of Henry VIII.
p381

45. John Calvin (1509 – 1564) and Calvinism
Calvin’s Background and Conversion
Studied humanism and law
Influenced by Luther
Fled from France for persecution
Wrote Institutes of Christian Religion (1536)
Calvin’s Ideas
Predestination and the sovereignty of God
Most controversial idea
God has already chosen who will be saved and who will be condemned, and there’s nothing we can do about it.

46. Calvinism and Predestination
BUT there are 3 tests that might prove you have been “chosen” (but no guarantees):
Open profession of faith in Christ
Living a “godly and decent life”
Participation in sacraments of Baptism and Communion (Lord’s Supper)
Wealth is NOT a sign of salvation.
Psychological effect of predestination: Calvinists believed they were “doing God’s work”, which turned Calvinism into the most politically activist form of Protestantism.

47. Calvinism Calvin’s Geneva (Switzerland)
He became a minister and in 1541, City Council approved his church.
Both clergy and laity were included in church service.
The Consistory: body that enforced moral discipline (included public punishment).
Geneva became the center of Protestantism.
Calvinism spread to England, Scotland, France, Netherlands, and eastern Europe.
English  The Puritans

48. John Calvin
John Calvin. (p.382)
After a conversion experience, John Calvin abandoned his life as a humanist and became a reformer. In 1536, Calvin began working to reform the city of Geneva, where he remained until his death in This is a seventeenth-century portrait of Calvin done by a member of the Swiss school.
In 1536, Calvin began working to reform the city of Geneva, where he remained until his death in This is a seventeenth-century portrait of Calvin done by a member of the Swiss school.
p382

49. CHRONOLOGY New Reform Movements: The Zwinglian Reformation
Event
Dates
Zwingli made cathedral priest at Zürich
1518
Reform adopted in Zürich
1523
Marburg Colloquy
1529
CHRONOLOGY New Reform Movements
p383

50. CHRONOLOGY New Reform Movements: The Anabaptists
Event
Dates
Anabaptists expelled from Zürich
1523
New Jerusalem in Münster
1534–1535

51. CHRONOLOGY New Reform Movements: The Reformation in England
Event/Leader
Dates
Henry VIII
1509–1547
Act of Supremacy
1534
Edward VI
1547–1553
Mary
1553–1558

52. CHRONOLOGY New Reform Movements: Calvin and Calvinism
Event
Dates
Institutes of the Christian Religion
1536
Calvin begins ministry in Geneva
Ecclesiastical Ordinances
1541

53. The Social Impact of the Protestant Reformation
The Family
Marriage and sex: new views
Marriage seen as more holy than celibate purity- therefore the clergy was not “above others”.
Marriage is also a cure for the sin of lust, and monasticism was abolished in Protestant states.
The family at the center of human life
Women
Roles of wife and mother sanctified by Protestants
Calvin opposed to women rulers
Being a nun was no longer an option for women- what opportunities did nuns have?
Protestant states had traditional views of marriage.
Calvinist states had laws against spousal violence.

54. Social Impact of the Reformation
Education in the Reformation
Protestant encouragement of schools
Humanist education for a wider audience- not just the elite.
“Priesthood of all followers” creates need for better education.
Renaissance idea of civic humanism.
Religious Practices and Popular Culture
Altered religious ceremonies and images
No more indulgences, pilgrimages, relics, saints
Protestant criticism of customary entertainment
Tried to eliminate/reduce holidays and feast days

55. A Sixteenth-Century Classroom
A Sixteenth-Century Classroom. Protestants in Germany developed secondary schools that combined
instruction in the liberal arts with religious education. This scene from a painting by Ambrosius Holbein
shows a schoolmaster instructing a pupil in the alphabet while his wife helps a little girl.
Protestants in Germany developed secondary schools that combined
instruction in the liberal arts with religious education.
p386

56. The Catholic Reformation
Historians Debate: Catholic Reformation or Counter-Reformation?
Reform from within and as a reaction
Revival of “best” form of medieval Catholicism: mysticism, monasticism as forms of Catholic piety.
St Theresa of Avila- a Carmelite nun
Wrote of her mystic experiences and “ecstatic” experience of her soul’s union with God.
Older monastic orders: Benedictines, Dominicans, Capuchins- vows of simplicity and living life in service to Jesus Christ.

57. Primary Source: Gianlorenzo Bernini, “Ecstasy of St
Primary Source: Gianlorenzo Bernini, “Ecstasy of St. Teresa”, , Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome Italy

58. St. Teresa of Avila
Spanish mystic Carmelite nun and reformer, explains her religious experience:
“I saw in his hand a long spear of gold, and at the point there seemed to be a little fire. He appeared to me to be thrusting it at times into my heart, and to pierce my very entrails; when he drew it out, he seemed to draw them out also, and to leave me all on fire with a great love of God. The pain was so great, that it made me moan; and yet so surpassing was the sweetness of this excessive pain, that I could not wish to be rid of it...”

59. Primary Source: Gianlorenzo Bernini, “Ecstasy of St
Primary Source: Gianlorenzo Bernini, “Ecstasy of St. Teresa”, , Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome Italy

60. Primary Source: Gianlorenzo Bernini, “Ecstasy of St
Primary Source: Gianlorenzo Bernini, “Ecstasy of St. Teresa”, , Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome Italy

61. The Catholic Reformation
The Society of Jesus
Ignatius of Loyola (1491 – 1556)
Warrior who had a religious “awakening”, but unlike Luther, resolved problems by submitting to the Church, not creating a new one.
Vowed to be a “warrior for God”
The Spiritual Exercises
Jesuits recognized as a religious order (1540)
Absolute obedience to the papacy
Strict discipline and hierarchy
Activities of the Jesuits
Combating Protestantism through education- schools.
Propagation of Catholic faith among non-Catholics (missionaries to China, Japan, Indonesia…)
Fight Protestantism, restore Catholicism in Europe

62. MAP 13.2 Catholics and Protestants in Europe by 1560
Europe by The Reformation
continued to evolve beyond the basic
split of the Lutherans from the
Catholics. Several Protestant sects
broke away from the teachings of Martin
Luther, each with a separate creed and
different ways of worship. In England,
Henry VIII broke with the Catholic
Church for political and dynastic
reasons.
Map 13.2 p387

63. Ignatius of Loyola
Ignatius of Loyola. The Jesuits became the most important new
religious order of the Catholic Reformation. Shown here in a sixteenth-century
painting by an unknown artist is Ignatius of Loyola, founder of
the Society of Jesus. Loyola is seen kneeling before Pope Paul III, who
officially recognized the Jesuits in 1540.
The Jesuits became the most important new religious order of the Catholic Reformation. Shown here in a sixteenth-century painting by an unknown artist is Ignatius of Loyola, founder of the Society of Jesus.
p389

64. A Revived Papacy
Was the Reformation a wake up call for the Church?
Pope Paul III (1534 – 1549)
Reform commission (1535 – 1537)- but he still practiced nepotism and lived in luxury!
Recognized Jesuits
Summoning of the Council of Trent
1541- tried to settle differences, but conservative Roman cardinals would not compromise at all.
Cardinal Caraffa  Pope Paul IV- “First true Pope of the Catholic reformation”

65. A Revived Papacy The Council of Trent- what really changed?
Paul IV’s “reforms”:
Strengthened the Roman Inquisition (1542)
Index of Forbidden Books
The Council of Trent- what really changed?

66. CHRONOLOGY The Catholic Reformation
Event/Leader
Dates
Pope Paul III
1534–1549
Papal recognition of Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
1540
Establishment of Roman Inquisition (Holy Office)
1542
Council of Trent
1545–1563
Pope Paul IV
1555–1559
CHRONOLOGY The Catholic Reformation
p390

67. The Council of Trent Met intermittently from 1545 – 1563
Divisions between moderates and conservatives
Reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings
Scripture and tradition
Faith and good works
Sacraments
Transubstantiation

68. Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century
What role did politics, religion, economic and social conditions play in the European wars of religion of the 16th century?

69. Politics and the Wars of Religion in the Sixteenth Century
Catholics are devoted to one law and one head- an absolute monarchy, directly tied to the Catholic Church.
Stresses obedience to a supreme leader (the Pope)
Calvinism appealed to those who supported political decentralization and opposed hierarchy of the Church.

70. French Wars of Religion: 1562-1598
The status and power of the Huguenots- French Calvinists
Conversion of 40 – 50 percent of French nobility- even though Huguenots were only 10% of total population of France.
Included House of Bourbon- next to the Valois family, they were next in line for the French throne and ruled Navarre.
The ultra-Catholics: The Guise family
1559- King Henry II was killed in a jousting tournament, and left 3 sons to succeed him.
Francis II- eldest- age 15- very sickly
Married Mary Stuart (Mary Queen of Scots); died a year later
His wife: Catherine de Medici- unable to compromise between the two extremes; wanted peace

71. French Wars of Religion
Constitutional crisis and revolt against the monarchy:
Huguenot nobles and towns/provinces revolted against the monarchy
What is superior- loyalty to one’s state, or one’s beliefs?
The politiques
Intellectuals who placed politics- and peace- above religious beliefs.
Supported religious toleration and moderation.
Course of the struggle
1562- Duke of Guise massacres peaceful Protestants at Vassy
The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572)-
Marriage between Margot, sister of young king Charles IX, married Huguenot King Henry of Navarre.

72. French Wars of Religion
Duke of Guise convinces Catherine to murder the Huguenots while they were in town for the wedding.
Started in Paris on August 24, then went on for 3 days of mindless slaughter around the country.
Henry of Navarre, the groom, feigns conversion.
300,000 Huguenots were killed.
Does not end the fighting, and actually backfires against the Valois family.
While the Huguenots gather strength, the Guises form a “Catholic League” funded by Philipp II of Spain- and they want Guise on the throne.

73. The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
The Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre. Although the outbreak of religious war seemed unlikely in
France, the collapse of the strong monarchy with the death of Henry II unleashed forces that led to a series
of civil wars. Pictured here is the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of This contemporary painting
by the Huguenot artist François Dubois vividly depicts a number of the incidents of that day when
approximately three thousand Huguenots were murdered in Paris.
Although the outbreak of religious war seemed unlikely in France, the collapse of the strong monarchy with the death of Henry II unleashed forces that led to a series of civil wars. Pictured here is the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of 1572.
Painted by Francois Dubois, a Huguenot
p391

74. On the Morning at the Gates of the Louvre, 19th century.

75. :

76. French Religious Wars “Paris is worth a Mass”
Henry of Navarre becomes king after the other two Henry’s are assassinated.
Henry of Navarre  Henry IV, King of France.
Converts to Catholicism, because he is a politique.
“Paris is worth a Mass”
End of the Religious Wars in France.
Remarries Marie de Medici, has many children.
Issues the Edict of Nantes- 1598: religious toleration for Huguenots
Religious toleration out of political necessity.
1610- Henry is assassinated by a Catholic fanatic, Ravaillac, who is brutally tortured and executed.

77. CHRONOLOGY The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
Event
Dates
Duke of Guise massacres Huguenot congregation at Vassy
1562
Saint Bartholomew’s Day massacre
1572
Henry III
1574–1589
Formation of the Holy League
1576
War of the Three Henries
1588–1589
Assassination of Henry III
1589
Coronation of Henry IV
1594
Edict of Nantes
1598
CHRONOLOGY The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
p392

78. Philip II of Spain (1556 – 1598) and Militant Catholicism
The Goals of Philip II- son of Charles V
Inherited Habsburg lands, Burgundy, Spain, the Netherlands, Naples (Italy) and the New World colonies
Religious conformity
Aggressive use of the Inquisition
Extension of royal power
Spanish dominance in Europe
The Importance of Catholicism in Spain
The Holy League
The Battle of Lepanto (1571)- his greatest victory against the Turks

79. Philip II of Spain Economic issues: Religious issues:
Gold and silver from the Americas caused massive inflation
Expensive wars
Spain imposed crushing taxation on its peasants- the most taxed in Europe.
Religious issues:
Like most Spanish, he believed he was “chosen” to save Catholicism.

80. The Inquisition

82. MAP 13.3 The Height of Spanish Power Under Philip II
MAP 13.3 The Height of Spanish Power Under Philip II. Like his father, Charles V, Philip II, the
‘‘Most Catholic King,’’ was a champion of the Catholic cause against Protestantism. He sought to
maintain Habsburg control in the Netherlands by combating a Protestant revolt, a rebellion
eventually supported by Queen Elizabeth of England. Spain’s attempt to invade England in 1588
ended in disaster.
Map 13.3 p392

83. Philip of Spain
Philip of Spain. This portrait by Titian depicts Philip II of Spain. The
king’s attempts to make Spain a great power led to large debts and
crushing taxes, and his military actions in defense of Catholicism ended
in failure and misfortune in both France and the Netherlands.
This portrait by Titian depicts Philip II of Spain. The king’s attempts to make Spain a great power led to large debts and crushing taxes, and his military actions in defense of Catholicism ended in failure and misfortune in both France and the Netherlands.
p393

84. Revolt of the Netherlands
The Importance of the Netherlands
The prosperity of the provinces
North: Germanic, speak Dutch
South: speak French and Flemish
Religious diversity: due to its location at commercial crossroads, it was susceptible to Reformation, especially Calvinism.
Resentment against Philip’s attempt to exert control.
Philip wanted to end Dutch noble privileges
The Dutch hated that their taxes were used in Spain.
Philip tries to crush Calvinism by force.

85. The Netherlands Revolt
The Eruption of Violence:
Dutch nobles attacked Catholic churches
Philip sends the Duke of Alva and 10,000 Spanish and Italian troops to crush the revolt.
Reign of Terror by the “Council of Troubles” and public execution of thousands of Calvinists.
Spain then levied a tax on the Dutch to make them pay for their putting down their own revolt.
Actually led to increase in Calvinist conversion.

86. The Netherlands Revolt
William of Nassau, Prince of Orange- comes to resist Spanish and unite the Dutch.
He is also a politique.
Had help from the “Sea Beggars”- pirates secretly hired by Queen Elizabeth of England to attack the Spanish troops.
The Spanish Fury- Spanish mercenaries, unpaid, murder 7,000 more Dutch.
Catholic and Calvinist Dutch unite under the:
1576- The Pacification of Ghent- all Dutch, regardless of religion, would unify under William of Orange.

87. “The Milch Cow”. The Netherlands as a cow being fed by Elizabeth I of England, Philip II is trying to ride her, William of Orange is trying to milk her, and the king of France holds her tail.

88. The Netherlands Revolt
But Philip sends his brother-in-law, the Duke of Parma, to crush them again.
He plays on their religious divide to split them up.
Southern Catholic French-speaking provinces: Union of Arras
Modern Belgium
Northern Calvinist Dutch provinces: Union of Utrecht
Modern Netherlands

89. The Netherlands Revolt
Philip thinks he can conquer them again now that they are split.
Actually causes the Netherlands to units again against Spain.
1584- William of Orange is assassinated by a Catholic French-Spanish fanatic, who then is also heinously tortured and executed.
1609- Spain signs a truce, and the Dutch Republic is born.
Spain won’t legally recognize them until 1648.

91. CHRONOLOGY Philip II and Militant Catholicism
Event/Leader
Dates
Philip II
1556–1598
Outbreak of revolt in the Netherlands
1566
Battle of Lepanto
1571
Spanish armada
1588
Twelve-year truce (Spain and Netherlands)
1609
Independence of the United Provinces
1648
CHRONOLOGY Philip II and Militant Catholicism
p394

92. The England of Elizabeth (1558 – 1603)
Becomes new Protestant queen after sister Mary’s death.
Her 45-year reign:
England became leader of Protestant nations
Originated a worldwide empire
Cultural renaissance (ex: Shakespeare)

93. Elizabeth I in England Religious Policy:
A moderate compromise settlement
A politique
The Act of Uniformity and Act of Supremacy were revised to ease Catholics AND Protestants.
Catholic and Puritan discontents
Her cousin, Mary Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart), a Catholic, tried to have her assassinated.
Elizabeth had her imprisoned, then executed.
Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England of all traces of Catholicism.
Her successor, King James, will persecute them.

94. Elizabeth I in England Foreign Policy
The chief concerns: caution, moderation, and expediency
Conflict with Spain: didn’t want war, but did encourage “buccaneers” to raid Spanish ships.
Sir Francis Drake
Provided aid to Dutch Calvinists against Spain.
Rejected Philip II’s proposals for marriage (and all other suitors as well)- “the Virgin Queen”.

95. Elizabeth I in England The Spanish Armada (1588)
Philip wanted to capture England and return it to Catholicism.
His fleet would meet with Duke of Parma in Flanders, then cross the English Channel.
His ships weren’t prepared, but counted on a miracle from God for help- because why wouldn’t He?
The Armada was crushed by the British, then destroyed by storms in the Channel.
Marked the end of Spain’s dominant era and its decline, and Britain was now the most powerful state.

96. Procession of Queen Elizabeth I
Procession of Queen Elizabeth I. Intelligent and learned, Elizabeth Tudor was familiar with Latin and
Greek and spoke several European languages. Served by able administrators, Elizabeth ruled for nearly
forty-five years and generally avoided open military action against any major power. This picture, painted
near the end of her reign, shows the queen in a ceremonial procession with her courtiers.
Intelligent and learned, Elizabeth Tudor was familiar with Latin and Greek and spoke several European languages. Served by able administrators, Elizabeth ruled for nearly forty-five years and generally avoided open military action against any major power.
p394

97. Film & History: Elizabeth (1998)
Queen Elizabeth I (Cate Blanchett) and the duke of Norfolk (Christopher
Eccleston).
Queen Elizabeth I (Cate Blanchett) and the duke of Norfolk (Christopher Eccleston).
p396

98. Chapter Timeline
p397

99. Discussion Questions
How did the failings of the Catholic Church lead to calls for reform?
What were Martin Luther’s complaints against the Church?
How and why did Henry VIII break away from Rome?
What was John Calvin’s ideas of “predestination”?
How did the Catholic Church react to the Reformation? Was it effective?
What troubles did Philip II of Spain have to confront during his reign, and how successful was he in dealing with them?