1. Objectives you should be able to: Define a theory/perspective
To list behavioural approaches
To describe classical conditioning
To list therapies based on classical conditioning

2. THEORIES/PERSPECTIVES   A THEORY IS AN ORGANISED COLLECTION OF RELATED STATEMENTS THAT SEEK TO EXPLAIN OBSERVED PHENOMENA

3. Psychological Perspectives
Sigmund Freud
Edward Thorndike
Ivan Pavlov
Albert Bandura

4. The Behaviourist Approach
Behaviourists believe that all behaviour is learnt through the environment
Behaviourists suggest we learn our behaviour through:-
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning

5. The Behaviourist Approach – Classical Conditioning
Discovered by Ivan Pavlov 1902, who was a Russian physiologist
Classical conditioning suggest that all behaviour is learnt through ‘association’
Pavlov discovered this through his work with dogs (handout)

6. Pavlov’s Dogs – Classical Conditioning
Before learning
Food (UCS) Salivation (UCR)
During Learning
Bell (NS) + Food (UCS) Salivation (UCR)
After Learning
Bell (CS) Salivation (CR)

7. Classical Conditioning & the Development of Phobias
Watson & Raynor (1920) – The case of little Albert

8. Practical Applications in Therapeutic Situations
Behaviour Therapies based on Classical Conditioning
Systematic Desensitisation
Flooding
Aversion Therapy

9. Evaluation of classical conditioning
Advantages of Behavioural Therapies
Disadvantages of Behavioural Therapies

10. Ignores biology (e.g. testosterone)
Strengths
Limitations
Scientific
Highly applicable (e.g. therapy)
Emphasises objective measurement
Many experiments to support theories
Identified comparisons between animals (Pavlov) and humans (Watson & Rayner - Little Albert)
Ignores biology (e.g. testosterone)
Too deterministic (little free-will)
Experiments – low ecological validity
Humanism – can’t compare animals to humans
Reductionist