1. What makes you….you!
DNA

2. What type of cells are these?
What is the arrow pointing to?
DNA Extraction Demo

3. Discovering - DNA
1800’s – with discovery of microscope, scientists realized
something [DNA] existed in the nucleus
1950’s – Rosalind Franklin- using X-ray discovered a stand
of DNA consists of a “double helix” or spiral
shaped ladder
- Watson and Crick- “ sides of ladder” consists of
sugars and phosphates and “steps of ladders” are
nitrogen base pairs
Video: Cracking the Code of Life | Watch NOVA Online | PBS Video

4. DNA DNA- [Deoxyribonucleic Acid] threads of chromatin
phosphate
DNA- [Deoxyribonucleic Acid]
threads of chromatin
Sugar
Shape - like a spiral ladder
1. Rungs = Pairs of Nitrogen Bases
A-T = Adenine - Thymine
G-C = Guanine - Cytosine
2. Handrails = Alternating Phosphate
and Deoxyribose Sugar
* Base pairs always attached to sugar
Nitrogen
base

5. Inside the Nucleus Gene - a section of DNA coil, determines traits
The Human Genome Project, 3D Animation - YouTube
Gene - a section of DNA coil, determines traits
of organism
Heredity- passing of genes from parent > offspring

6. Alleles - different forms a gene may
have for a trait
Genetics- study of how alleles affect generations
of offspring

7. Number of Base Pairs [millions]
Chromosome
Number of Base Pairs [millions] 1
279 2
251 3
221 4
197 5
198 6
176 7
163 8
148 9
140 10
143 11 12
142 13
118 14
107 15
100 16
104 17 88 18 86 19 72 20 66 21 45 22 48
X / Y
163 / 51
98% of genes for Humans & Chimps
are alike
Total Base
Pairs =
3.2 billion
Total
Genes =
30,000
Genes between Humans only differ by 0.01%
To read all
3.2 billion
base pairs aloud -it would take 9.5 years
The Human Genome Project, 3D Animation - YouTube

8. Mutations http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=mutations

9. a permanent change in genes or chromosomes (Discovery Ed)
Mutations-
a permanent change in genes
or chromosomes (Discovery Ed)
A-T-C-A-T-G-G-C-T
Isoleucine
Methionine
Alanine
A-T-G-A-T-G-G-C-T
A-T-G-A-T-G-G-C-T
Substitution
Methionine
A-T-C-A-A-T-G-G-C-T
A-T-C-A-A-T-G-G-C-T
Insertion
A-T-C-T-G-G-C-T
A-T-C-T-G-G-C-T
Deletion

10. Mitosis vs Meiosis

11. Twins! Two types Non identical (Fraternal) Identical (Paternal)
Two eggs fertilized, Different DNA
Identical (Paternal)
One egg fertilized then split, Same DNA
Even identical twins aren’t always identical

12. What are the chances you look like you parents?
Genetics
What are the chances you look like you parents?

13. Alleles Genetic Cross- random pairing of one gene from each parent
One comes from mom, one from Dad
Dad
Mom
Eye color
Genetic Cross- random pairing of one gene from
each parent

14. Gregor Mendel = Father of Genetics
Dominant- “what is seen” [Capital letter]
Recessive- “what is hidden”
[Lower case letter]
Phenotype- physical trait that appears
ex: Tall
Genotype- genetic make-up represented by letters
ex: TT

15. Monogenic Inheritance
Dominant Traits
Yes No
Tongue roller
Hand clasp
Unattached earlobe
Straight Pinky
Hairy finger- 2nd section
Dimples
Cleft Chin
Straight hair line
Freckles
Brown eyes
11. Finger divide- 2 vs 1

16. Genetics in Harry Potter?
What types of inherited genetic traits are described in the Harry Potter series?
Conduct a brief discussion to help students identify examples of genetic physical traits observed in different characters in Harry Potter.

17. Inherited Physical Traits in Harry Potter
"All the Weasleys have red hair, freckles, and more children than they can afford." -- Draco Malfoy (Sorcerers Stone, Ch.6)
He was almost twice as tall as a normal man and at least five times as wide. (Sorcerer’s Stone, Ch.1)
Harry had a thin face, knobby knees, black hair, and bright green eyes. (Sorcerer’s Stone, Ch.1)
Read aloud these excerpts as examples of possible genetic traits described in the series.
A pale boy with a pointed face and white-blond hair, Draco greatly resembled his father. His mother was blonde too... (Goblet of Fire, Ch.8)

18. Applying Genetics to the Harry Potter Characters
What are some phenotypes (observable traits) described in the four excerpts from the Harry Potter books?
Review the definition of phenotype from the Basic Genetic Terms for Teachers sheet on display, and have students identify some of the phenotypes, observable traits, described in the excerpts on slide 3.

19. Applying Genetics to the Harry Potter Characters
What are some phenotypes (observable traits) described in the four excerpts from the Harry Potter books?
Freckles
Hair color
Eye color
Height
Let students know that they will be exploring the phenotypes and genotypes of these four physical traits.

20. Applying Genetics to the Harry Potter Characters
A genetic trait can be described in two ways:
Phenotypes are observable traits resulting from how one’s genes are expressed. Ex., hair color, a talent, sickle cell disease, etc.
A Genotype consists of two letters that represent a gene’s allele pair that results in a phenotype.
Remind students about the terms phenotypes and genotypes, and help students understand that a genotype contains the allele pair containing genetic codes that results in a phenotype.

21. Example: Freckles Two possible phenotypes for freckles are:
Has Freckles (observable)
No freckles (observable)
A genotype for freckles is indicated by two alleles in the freckle gene. The possible alleles using the first letter of the trait “f” are:
F (dominant) = Has Freckles
f (recessive) = No freckles
Model how to identify phenotypes and genotypes for a genetic trait using freckles as an example. Discuss and help students understand that genotypes are often represented by a letter from a trait, and that an upper-case letter connotes a dominant trait and a lower-case for a recessive trait.

22. Freckles: Genotypes & Phenotypes
Question: Using F and f, what are possible genotypes of the allele pair for freckles?
Genotype Phenotype
(alleles inherited from parents) (physical appearance)
F F ====== has freckles
F f ====== has freckles
f f ====== no freckles
One dominant allele (F) is sufficient for its trait (has freckles) to be observable, but both alleles have to be recessive (f) for the recessive trait (no freckles) to be observable.
Demonstrate how a genotype consists of two letters that represent the two or pair of alleles inherited from two parents. And apply the definitions of the terms, dominant and recessive from Basic Genetic Terms for Teachers, to the gene responsible for freckles—when a gene has an allele pair with one dominant and the other recessive traits, the dominant trait overrides recessive one.
You can also reintroduce the term, heterozygous which applies to an allele pair with two different forms of the gene.
Homozygous [homo means same, zygous means pair] = FF, ff
Heterozygous [hetero means different, zygous means pair] = Ff

23. The parents’ homozygous genotypes are:
Punnett Squares- visual tool used to display the
possibilities of a genetic cross
The parents’ homozygous genotypes are:
Mom = F F
Dad = f f
Mom’s Traits
F F D a d’ s T r i t
f f

24. Punnett Squares F f F f F F F f

25. Example: Red Hair Rr ====== brown hair rr ====== red hair
Red hair color is recessive to brown color. One way to describe the hair color alleles are:
Red hair = r (notes recessive red color)
Brown hair = R (notes dominant brown color)
Question: Using r (red hair) and R (brown hair) alleles, what possible genotypes of the allele pair are there?
Genotype (allele pair) Phenotype (appearance)
RR ====== brown hair
Rr ====== brown hair
rr ====== red hair
Have students think aloud about what the possible allele letters are for red hair color that is recessive to the brown color. Ask students how they would respond to the question in identifying possible genotypes and their corresponding phenotypes for this example.

26. Punnet Square: Weasley Family
All Weasley children have freckles and red hair. Use the Punnett Square to predict the most likely genotypes of Molly and Arthur Weasley for the two traits.
Use the following allele possibilities that we identified previously:
r (notes recessive red color) = Red hair
R (notes dominant brown color) = Brown hair
F (dominant) = Has Freckles
f (recessive) = No freckles
Guide students in using Punnett Square to determine the parents’ genotypes when their children’s genotypes are known.

27. Punnett Square: Weasley Family
All Weasley children have freckles and red hair—100% probability. Possible genotypes for their red hair (recessive trait) and freckles (dominant trait) are: rr only for red hair and Ff or FF for freckles. Create Punnett squares to find out more about their parents Molly and Arthur: rr rr
Ff/FF
Ff/FF
Think aloud about how known genotypes of children can provide the probable genotypes of their parents. The Punnett Square is filled with the children’s possible genotypes (derived from all of them having red hair and freckles) that are used to draw conclusions on the possible genotypes of their parents.
Ff/FF
Ff/FF rr rr
Both parents have rr.
At least one parent has FF.

28. Punnet Square: The Potters
Question 1: Harry has dark/brown hair like his father, but his mom had red hair. Using the genotypes of rr, Rr, and RR, what possible genotypes does each of the Potters have? The phenotypes of the Potters are: James Potter (dad)—dark/brown hair Lily Potter (mom)—red hair Harry Potter—dark/brown hair
Ask students how the described hair colors of Lily, James and Harry Potter may help determine their genotypes for that trait. If needed, clarify that different phenotypes, observable traits, result from different allele combinations of a genotype. This means their described hair colors provide information about the genotypes that resulted in their respective hair colors.

29. Punnet Square: The Potters
Using the genotypes of rr, Rr, and RR, what are possible genotypes for Harry’s parents?
Mom-Lily (red hair) = rr
Dad-James (dark hair) = Rr or RR
The parents’ genotypes lead to 2 Punnett Squares.
r r R r
r r R
Have students volunteer their answers to each question while providing details on how they arrived at their answers. Confirm and correct based on the correct or false reasoning and answers that students provide.

30. Punnet Square: The Potters
Given Harry’s parents’ possible genotypes, the two Punnett Squares can be completed as follows:
The only possible genotype for Harry’s dark hair is Rr.
r r
R Rr Rr
r rr rr
r r
R Rr Rr
Clarify that Harry cannot have RR genotype which also result in dark/brown hair color. The only possible genotype for his hair is Rr.
Also ask students to consider what else the two Punnett Squares show about the possible hair color for Harry’s sibling, if he had one. Guide students to think about the two different Punnett Squares and have them use the percentage to indicate the probability of each. For example, one Punnett Square shows that Harry’s sibling has 50% chance of having brown/dark or red hair. But the other Punnett Square shows that his sibling will have brown/dark hair just like him—100% chance.

31. Punnet Square: The Potters
Questions : Harry marries Ginny who has red hair. What are possible genotypes of their children’s hair colors?
Restate Question 2 and ask students to volunteer their answer and explain how they arrived at the answer.

32. Punnet Square: Harry & Ginny
Harry marries Ginny who has red hair. What are possible genotypes of their children’s hair colors? First, what are the genotypes for Harry and Ginny’s hair colors? Harry’s genotype = Rr Ginny’s genotype = rr

33. Punnet Square: Harry & Ginny
Harry marries Ginny who has red hair. What are possible genotypes of their children’s hair colors? Given Harry and Ginny’s genotypes, Rr and rr, we can fill in the Punnett Square for their children’s genotypes. Their children have a 50% chance of having red or dark hair colors.

34. DNA Unit Review What are the steps of the DNA ladder made of?
Nitrogen Base Pairs : A-T, G-C
2. What are the sides of the ladder made of?
Phosphates and sugars
3. What are base pairs always attached to?
Sugar
4. Where are genes located?
On chromosomes
5. Different forms of the same genes are called?
Alleles

35. 6. Physical appearance of a trait is called?
Phenotype
7. Genetic make up of an organism?
Genotype
8. What does the term heterozygous mean? Homozygous?
Different gene combinations, dominant and recessive
Same gene pairs
What is a mutation? Are they always harmful?
Permanent change to an organism
No create variety

36. 10. What is the purpose of using a Punnett square?
Determine probability of traits that can be inherited
11. What is the process that involves one cell dividing two times to
create four new cells with half the number of chromosomes?
Meiosis
12. What type of cells undergo meiosis?
Sperm and Egg
How many chromosomes are in a human
egg cell?
Why not 46?

37. What is it called when many genes create ONE trait?
polygenic inheritance
What is the term for more than two possibilities of a trait?
multiple alleles
16. When both genes are expressed equally for a trait it is called?
incomplete dominance

38. Creation of Proteins Base pairs form amino acids which link together
to form proteins