1. What makes you….you!

2. What type of cells are these? What is the arrow pointing to?

3. Video: Cracking the Code of Life | Watch NOVA Online | PBS Video 1800’s – with discovery of microscope, scientists realized something [DNA] existed in the nucleus 1950’s – Rosalind Franklin- using X-ray discovered a stand of DNA consists of a “double helix” or spiral shaped ladder - Watson and Crick- “ sides of ladder” consists of sugars and phosphates and “steps of ladders” are nitrogen base pairs

4. DNA- [Deoxyribonucleic Acid] threads of chromatin Shape - like a spiral ladder 1. Rungs = Pairs of Nitrogen Bases A-T = Adenine - Thymine G-C = Guanine - Cytosine 2. Handrails = Alternating Phosphate and Deoxyribose Sugar * Base pairs always attached to sugar Sugar phosphate Nitrogen base

5. Gene - a section of DNA coil, determines traits of organism Inside the Nucleus Inside the Nucleus Heredity- passing of genes from parent > offspring The Human Genome Project, 3D Animation - YouTube

6. Alleles - different forms a gene may have for a trait Genetics- study of how alleles affect generations of offspring

7. ChromosomeNumber of Base Pairs [millions] 1279 2251 3221 4197 5198 6176 7163 8148 9140 10143 11148 12142 13118 14107 15100 16104 1788 1886 1972 2066 2145 2248 X / Y163 / 51 Total Base Pairs = 3.2 billion Total Genes = 30,000 98% of genes for Humans & Chimps are alike Genes between Humans only differ by 0.01% To read all 3.2 billion base pairs aloud -it would take 9.5 years The Human Genome Project, 3D Animation - YouTube

8. A-T-C-A-T-G-G-C-T A-T-G-A-T-G-G-C-T A-T-C-A-A-T-G-G-C-T A-T-C-T-G-G-C-T A-T-G-A-T-G-G-C-T A-T-C-A-A-T-G-G-C-T A-T-C-T-G-G-C-T IsoleucineMethionineAlanine Methionine Substitution Insertion Deletion

9. http:// app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=mutations http://app.discoveryeducation.com/search?Ntt=mutations

11. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjsU_rJpTWg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-EwtyO16dFg

13. One comes from mom, one from Dad Mom Dad Eye color

14. Genetic Cross- random pairing of one gene from each parent Gregor Mendel = Father of Genetics Dominant- “what is seen” [Capital letter] Recessive- “what is hidden” [Lower case letter] Phenotype- physical trait that appears ex: Tall Genotype- genetic make-up represented by letters ex: TT

15. Homozygous [homo means same, zygous means pair] = TT, tt Heterozygous [hetero means different, zygous means pair] = Tt What would all the possible genotypes be for the trait of tallness in a pea plant?

16. Dominant Traits 1.Tongue roller 2.Hand clasp 3.Unattached earlobe 4.Straight Pinky 5.Hairy finger- 2 nd section 6.Dimples 7.Cleft Chin 8.Straight hair line 9. Freckles 10. Hitch hiker thumb 11.Brown eyes 12. Second toe longer than big toe 13. Finger divide- 2 vs 1 YesNo

17. Genetics in Harry Potter? What types of inherited genetic traits are described in the Harry Potter series? 17

18. Inherited Physical Traits in Harry Potter 18 "All the Weasleys have red hair, freckles, and more children than they can afford." -- Draco Malfoy (Sorcerers Stone, Ch.6) He was almost twice as tall as a normal man and at least five times as wide. (Sorcerer’s Stone, Ch.1) Harry had a thin face, knobby knees, black hair, and bright green eyes. (Sorcerer’s Stone, Ch.1) A pale boy with a pointed face and white- blond hair, Draco greatly resembled his father. His mother was blonde too... (Goblet of Fire, Ch.8)

19. Applying Genetics to the Harry Potter Characters What are some phenotypes (observable traits) described in the four excerpts from the Harry Potter books? 19

20. Applying Genetics to the Harry Potter Characters What are some phenotypes (observable traits) described in the four excerpts from the Harry Potter books? – Freckles – Hair color – Eye color – Height 20

21. Applying Genetics to the Harry Potter Characters A genetic trait can be described in two ways: – Phenotypes are observable traits resulting from how one’s genes are expressed. Ex., hair color, a talent, sickle cell disease, etc. – A Genotype consists of two letters that represent a gene’s allele pair that results in a phenotype. 21

22. Example: Freckles Two possible phenotypes for freckles are: – Has Freckles (observable) – No freckles (observable) A genotype for freckles is indicated by two alleles in the freckle gene. The possible alleles using the first letter of the trait “f” are: – F (dominant) = Has Freckles – f (recessive) = No freckles 22

23. Freckles: Genotypes & Phenotypes Question: Using F and f, what are possible genotypes of the allele pair for freckles? GenotypePhenotype (alleles inherited from parents)(physical appearance) F F======has freckles F f======has freckles f f======no freckles One dominant allele (F) is sufficient for its trait (has freckles) to be observable, but both alleles have to be recessive (f) for the recessive trait (no freckles) to be observable. 23

24. Punnett Squares- Punnett Squares- visual tool used to display the possibilities of a genetic cross Mom’s Traits D a d’ s T r a i t s F f The parents’ homozygous genotypes are: Mom = F F Dad = f f

25. f F F F F F f f

26. Example: Red Hair Red hair color is recessive to brown color. One way to describe the hair color alleles are: – Red hair = r (notes recessive red color) – Brown hair = R (notes dominant brown color) Question: Using r (red hair) and R (brown hair) alleles, what possible genotypes of the allele pair are there? Genotype (allele pair) Phenotype (appearance) RR======brown hair Rr======brown hair rr======red hair

27. Punnet Square: Weasley Family All Weasley children have freckles and red hair. Use the Punnett Square to predict the most likely genotypes of Molly and Arthur Weasley for the two traits. Use the following allele possibilities that we identified previously: – r (notes recessive red color) = Red hair – R (notes dominant brown color) = Brown hair – F (dominant) = Has Freckles – f (recessive) = No freckles 27

28. Punnett Square: Weasley Family All Weasley children have freckles and red hair—100% probability. Possible genotypes for their red hair (recessive trait) and freckles (dominant trait) are: rr only for red hair and Ff or FF for freckles. Create Punnett squares to find out more about their parents Molly and Arthur: rr Ff/FF Both parents have rr.At least one parent has FF.

29. Punnet Square: The Potters Question 1: Harry has dark/brown hair like his father, but his mom had red hair. Using the genotypes of rr, Rr, and RR, what possible genotypes does each of the Potters have? The phenotypes of the Potters are: James Potter (dad)—dark/brown hair Lily Potter (mom)—red hair Harry Potter—dark/brown hair 29

30. Punnet Square: The Potters – Mom-Lily (red hair) = rr – Dad-James (dark hair) = Rr or RR The parents’ genotypes lead to 2 Punnett Squares. 30 r r R r r r R Using the genotypes of rr, Rr, and RR, what are possible genotypes for Harry’s parents?

31. Punnet Square: The Potters Given Harry’s parents’ possible genotypes, the two Punnett Squares can be completed as follows: The only possible genotype for Harry’s dark hair is Rr. 31 r r R RrRr r rrrr r r R RrRr

32. Punnet Square: The Potters Questions : Harry marries Ginny who has red hair. What are possible genotypes of their children’s hair colors?

33. Punnet Square: Harry & Ginny Harry marries Ginny who has red hair. What are possible genotypes of their children’s hair colors? First, what are the genotypes for Harry and Ginny’s hair colors? Harry’s genotype = Rr Ginny’s genotype = rr 33

34. Punnet Square: Harry & Ginny Harry marries Ginny who has red hair. What are possible genotypes of their children’s hair colors? Given Harry and Ginny’s genotypes, Rr and rr, we can fill in the Punnett Square for their children’s genotypes. Their children have a 50% chance of having red or dark hair colors. 34

35. 1.What are the steps of the DNA ladder made of? Nitrogen Base Pairs : A-T, G-C 2. What are the sides of the ladder made of? Phosphates and sugars 3. What are base pairs always attached to? Sugar 4. Where are genes located? On chromosomes 5. Different forms of the same genes are called? Alleles

36. 6. Physical appearance of a trait is called? Phenotype 7. Genetic make up of an organism? Genotype 8. What does the term heterozygous mean? Homozygous? Different gene combinations, dominant and recessive Same gene pairs 9.What is a mutation? Are they always harmful? Permanent change to an organism No create variety

37. 10. What is the purpose of using a Punnett square? Determine probability of traits that can be inherited 11. What is the process that involves one cell dividing two times to create four new cells with half the number of chromosomes? Meiosis 12. What type of cells undergo meiosis? Sperm and Egg 13.How many chromosomes are in a human egg cell? 23 ----- Why not 46?

38. 14.What is it called when many genes create ONE trait? polygenic inheritance 15. What is the term for more than two possibilities of a trait? multiple alleles 16. When both genes are expressed equally for a trait it is called? incomplete dominance

39. Creation of Proteins Base pairs form amino acids which link together to form proteins