1. Mr. Drake

2. The nucleotides are made of a ________, and _____________ group and a ______________

3. The four bases are: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine Adenine and Guanine are ________________ Thymine and Cytosine are ____________________ Base-Pairing Rule Adenine always hooks to Thymine Guanine always hooks to Cytosine

4. The nucleotides hook together in the form of a _____________ Twisted like a spiral staircase Different segments of DNA code for different traits

5. Scientist who worked with plants and studied their traits Founded the study of _________________: how characteristics are transferred from generation to generation ___________: all of the traits we receive from our parents

6. He observed 7 traits of pea plants such as height, color, He recorded these characteristics After planting and growing more and more pea plants he noticed that these traits showed up randomly

7. He carefully controlled how these plants reproduced, or “pollinated” ___________________: same plant ____________________: two different plants

8. He chose “true breeding” plants– pure bred for one trait (example: color, height, etc.) These were the parent generation or _______________ He then took pollen from these plants and used it to fertilize another type of pea plant The result of this was the first family or _____________ He allowed these F1 plants to “self pollinate” into the _____________

10. Certain traits get passed on through chromosomes, one from each parent. The different forms of a trait, Dominant or recessive, are called ______________ The segment of DNA that codes for an allele is called a ___________. Capital letters for Dominant; Lower case recessive Each parent gives an allele for a trait Father gives F for freckles and mother gives f for freckles it will be Ff= dominant trait gets expressed.

11. He found that the F1 or first generation where all one color The second generation 75% were one color (purple) and 25% were another color (white) “Alleles” are different forms of a gene Example: There is the purple allele and the white allele Purple= dominant (B) – BB or Bb Dominant alleles are represented with a capital letter White = recessive (b)– bb Recessive alleles are represented with a lower case letter

14. ____________: The genetic makeup of an individual Represented by letters (BB, Bb, bb) “Gg” would be the genetic makeup of a pea plant with green pods, green being dominant. The ___________: the appearance of the organism and the traits that gets shown. For the pea plant with “Gg”, the phenotype is “green”. ______________: When the alleles are the same. Either both dominant “PP” or both recessive “pp”. ______________: When there is a dominant and a recessive “Pp”. This is the carrier organism.

15. Traits are controlled by chromosomes, which separate during cell division (meiosis) How traits separate is random and independent Every time an offspring is produced the traits that control the appearance are determined randomly by luck. Very important in determining variety of a species

16. Self fertilizes

17. This means that while someone may be dominant for one trait, they may be recessive for others Blonde hair is recessive Brown eyes are not These combinations may occur because traits are independent of one another. We Like this Law

18. Y is Brown eyes Y is Blue eyes R is Brown hair r is Blonde hair Brown is dominant is both hair and eyes

19. When two organisms reproduce, their traits get passed on randomly to their offspring. To determine the probability of the offspring getting certain traits, test crosses are done. These determine the genetic makeup and also what the individual will look like.

20. This is done to predict probability of offspring from two different parents with one trait Use a Punnett square. Simple but very effective in predicting genotypes and phenotypes Using a Punnett square helps you predict the probability of each genotype and phenotype.

21. Likelihood of something happening Number of times something is expected occur over the number of chances I grow 100 pea plants. 75 of them are green 25 are yellow. There is a 75% chance of these plants turning out to be green and a 25% chance for yellow.

22. Dominant parent and recessive parent Parents are GG x gg Will result in a genotype of Gg The phenotype will demonstrate the Dominant traits of the individual

23. Dominant parent and either dominant or recessive parent. Either Hh x HH or Hh x hh The results will be 50% homozygous and 50% heterozygous

24. 2 parents with the dominant phenotype and heterozygous genotype: Bb Bb x Bb: resulting in 1 BB, 2 Bb and 1 bb. This is a 3:1 ratio: 3 dominant and 1 recessive 25% homozygous dominant, 50% Heterozygous, and 25% homozygous recessive. This is known as the phenotypic ratio and is how many recessive traits get overlooked because the parents show dominant traits

26. When we do not know the genotype of an individual Cross the individual with homozygous recessive individual This will determine if the unknown is homozygous or heterozygous for the specific trait Unknown allele

27. Incomplete Dominance Codominance Sex-linked Polygenic Multiple allele

28. A phenotype that is located between dominant and recessive RR=red rr= White Rr=pink This occurs when two or more alleles affect a trait Very common in nature, eye color in humans Brown=Dom. Blue= Recessive Green= mix

30. Occurs when both genes are expressed in a heterozygous offspring In chickens, R= black feathers and r= white feathers. A chicken that is Rr will have black and white feathers. This is very common in nature

32. Genes that are found on the sex-chromosomes Males will express traits found on X chromosome since they only have one X. Ex: More males are colorblind because it is linked to the X chromosome.

33. Traits that are controlled by two or more genes. Show a wide range of phenotypes. Skin color in humans Controlled by at least four different genes

34. Genes that have more than two alleles Example: Rabbit fur color A rabbit’s coat color is determined by a single gene that has at least four alleles; Possible alleles C-dominant to all alleles c ch –dominant to c h and c alleles c h -dominant to c alleles c-recessive to all other alleles c ch c h,c ch c, c ch

35. Dihybrid crosses involve parents with two or more traits More complicated and involves more results and outcomes for the offspring The Punnet square is more involved and more difficult to figure out.

36. First you must set up the punnet square with 16 squares. You must determine the parents genotypes, they now have 4 traits instead of 2. R= round peas r= wrinkled peas, Y=yellow peas, y=green peas RrYy would be made into 4 parents RY, Ry, rY and ry. rrYy would be made into rY, ry, rY, ry. Then the same rules apply as 4 square Punnet squares